Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
NITBUT increased from 5.12 ± 2.48 s at baseline to 9.00 ± 6.56 s at 8W.
This study evaluated the effects of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution on tear film in diabetic patients with dry eye disease, finding significant improvements in several ocular parameters.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effects of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution on tear film in diabetic patients with dry eye disease, finding significant improvements in several ocular parameters.
These findings are important as they suggest that 3% diquafosol could be a more effective treatment option for diabetic patients suffering from dry eye disease, potentially leading to improved quality of life and reduced discomfort. Given the prevalence of dry eye in diabetic populations, this treatment could have significant implications for managing ocular health in these patients.
The sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings. The study duration of 8 weeks may not capture long-term effects. The comparison group used a different formulation, which may affect outcomes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Jiayan C, Ying Z, Sile Y, et al. Effects of 3% Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution on Tear Film in Diabetic Patients with Dry Eye Disease. Ophthalmology and Therapy. 2025;14(10):2527-2541. doi:10.1007/s40123-025-01223-x
Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT) increased by 3.88 s (p = 0.001) in the diquafosol group.
Tear meniscus height (TMH) increased by 0.08 mm (p = 0.004) in the diquafosol group.
Redness score (RS) decreased by 0.13 (p = 0.001) in the diquafosol group.
Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) decreased from 34.71 ± 20.08 to 14.56 ± 11.28 (p < 0.001) in the diquafosol group.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS), Hyaluronic Acid Application and Change in tear meniscus height (TMH), Meibomian gland quality (MGQ), Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT), and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS)
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
0
Related studies
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Change in tear meniscus height (TMH)
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Change in tear meniscus height (TMH)
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Meibomian gland quality (MGQ)
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Meibomian gland quality (MGQ)
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Ocular redness score
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Ocular redness score
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Score Reduction
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) → Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Score Reduction
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Change in tear meniscus height (TMH)
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Change in tear meniscus height (TMH)
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Meibomian gland quality (MGQ)
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Meibomian gland quality (MGQ)
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Ocular redness score
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Ocular redness score
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Score Reduction
Hyaluronic Acid Application → Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Score Reduction
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) and Meibomian gland quality (MGQ), 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) and Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT).
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS)
Contributes to 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) evidence base.
All studies measuring Meibomian gland quality (MGQ)
Measures Meibomian gland quality (MGQ) as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)
Measures Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT) as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) appears to improve change in tear meniscus height (TMH).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Change in tear meniscus height (TMH)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) appears to improve meibomian gland quality (MGQ).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Meibomian gland quality (MGQ)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) appears to improve non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) appears to reduce ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score reduction.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Score Reduction
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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