Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 83
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 67
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 83
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 6 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Empagliflozin does not change sympathetic activity in type 2 diabetes
Last updated August 29, 2026
Key finding
Empagliflozin significantly lowered pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (adjusted between-group difference: -1.8 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.4 to -0.1).
This study evaluated the effects of empagliflozin on sympathetic outflows in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and HbA1c levels.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effects of empagliflozin on sympathetic outflows in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and HbA1c levels.
Clinical relevance
These findings are clinically significant as they suggest that empagliflozin can improve heart function and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. While it did not affect sympathetic outflows, the reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure indicates potential benefits for heart health, which is crucial in managing diabetes-related complications.
Keep in mind
The study did not find significant changes in sympathetic outflows. Results may not be generalizable to all populations with type 2 diabetes. The sample size and duration may limit the robustness of findings.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Anne TR, Dulari HL, Agus S, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on whole body, cardiac, and renal sympathetic outflows in type 2 diabetes. JACC: Advances. 2025;4(12):102304. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102304
Main Effects
Empagliflozin significantly lowered pulmonary capillary wedge pressure by -1.8 mm Hg (P = 0.048).
Empagliflozin significantly reduced HbA1c levels by -0.3% (P = 0.043).
Trends suggested a decrease in diastolic blood pressure by -3.9 mm Hg (P = 0.055).
Trends indicated a decrease in body weight by -2.6 kg (P = 0.001).
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Empagliflozin and Body weight, Cardiac Norepinephrine Spillover Rate, Diastolic blood pressure, and 4 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Empagliflozin
Primary outcomes
- Body weight
- Cardiac Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
- Diastolic blood pressure
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
7
Evidence pairs
7
Relationships
4
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72
4
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
975
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 7 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 4 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
SGLT2 Inhibitors and HbA1c
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
SGLT2 Inhibitors and Body Weight
Save evidence
Evidence relationship
SGLT2 Inhibitors and Blood Pressure
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Cardiac Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Empagliflozin → Cardiac Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Empagliflozin → Cardiac Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerDiastolic blood pressure
Empagliflozin → Diastolic blood pressure
Empagliflozin → Diastolic blood pressure
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 89
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 9 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerPulmonary capillary wedge pressure reduction
Empagliflozin → Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reduction
Empagliflozin → Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reduction
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerRenal Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Empagliflozin → Renal Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Empagliflozin → Renal Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerWhole Body Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Empagliflozin → Whole Body Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Empagliflozin → Whole Body Norepinephrine Spillover Rate
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- Empagliflozin reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure by 1.8 mm Hg.
- HbA1c levels decreased by 0.3% with empagliflozin treatment.
- Trends showed a decrease in body weight by 2.6 kg.
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
- Patients managing diabetes with pharmacological interventions.
Keep in Mind
- The study's findings on sympathetic outflows were not statistically significant.
- Results may not apply to younger populations or those without diabetes.
- Further research is needed to explore long-term effects of empagliflozin.
Between the Lines
- The study did not find significant changes in sympathetic outflows.
- Results may not be generalizable to all populations with type 2 diabetes.
- The sample size and duration may limit the robustness of findings.
Evidence Library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on SGLT2 Inhibitors and HbA1c, SGLT2 Inhibitors and Body Weight.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → HbA1c
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 89
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 9 studies
View evidenceMedications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → Body Weight
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 83
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 67
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 83
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 6 studies
View evidenceMedications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → Blood Pressure
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
9 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
SGLT2 Inhibitors Evidence Hub
All studies on SGLT2 Inhibitors
9 studies
intervention_hubContributes to SGLT2 Inhibitors evidence base.
Body Weight Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Weight
6 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Weight as a key outcome.
Blood Pressure Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Blood Pressure
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Blood Pressure as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Empagliflozin and HbA1c
Intervention: EmpagliflozinOutcome: HbA1c
9 results
All studies on Empagliflozin and Body weight
Intervention: EmpagliflozinOutcome: Body weight
6 results
All studies on Empagliflozin
Intervention: Empagliflozin
9 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
9 results
All studies measuring Body weight
Outcome: Body weight
6 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Do SGLT2 Inhibitors lower HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
SGLT2 Inhibitors may lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 84.9 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 24 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Do SGLT2 Inhibitors affect body weight?
Strong Evidence
SGLT2 Inhibitors may affect body weight.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Body weight
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 82.9 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 10 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Do SGLT2 Inhibitors improve blood pressure?
Strong Evidence
SGLT2 Inhibitors may improve blood pressure.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Diastolic blood pressure
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 8 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
What evidence is available on Empagliflozin and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reduction?
Emerging Evidence
Empagliflozin appears to reduce pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reduction.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reduction
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
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