Last updated August 24, 2026
Key finding
At 6 months, 29.3% of participants had ≥ 12 kg weight loss.
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) and low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
Non-randomized CT
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) and low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes.
This study evaluated Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) and low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Zhenxiu L, Nannan F, Sujing W, et al. Low-calorie diet intervention for type 2 diabetes remission in Chinese individuals: a pilot study. Nutrition Journal. 2025;24:42. doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01101-z
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD), Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) and Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment, Diabetes remission, Insulin secretory reserve measured by arginine stimulation test, and 4 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD)
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
14
Evidence pairs
21
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Diabetes remission
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Diabetes remission
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Insulin secretory reserve measured by arginine stimulation test
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Insulin secretory reserve measured by arginine stimulation test
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Insulin sensitivity
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Insulin sensitivity
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Liver fat content
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Liver fat content
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → MRI-derived pancreatic fat content
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → MRI-derived pancreatic fat content
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Weight loss dependent effect on HbA1c
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) → Weight loss dependent effect on HbA1c
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Diabetes remission
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Diabetes remission
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Insulin secretory reserve measured by arginine stimulation test
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Insulin secretory reserve measured by arginine stimulation test
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Insulin sensitivity
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Insulin sensitivity
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Liver fat content
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Liver fat content
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → MRI-derived pancreatic fat content
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → MRI-derived pancreatic fat content
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Weight loss dependent effect on HbA1c
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) → Weight loss dependent effect on HbA1c
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) and Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment, Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) and Diabetes Remission.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
Measures Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Diabetes Remission
Measures Diabetes Remission as a key outcome.
All studies on Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD)
Contributes to Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) evidence base.
All studies measuring Weight loss dependent effect on HbA1c
Measures Weight loss dependent effect on HbA1c as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) appears to improve continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.5 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) appears to improve diabetes remission.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes remission
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.5 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Low-calorie formula diet (LCFD) appears to improve mri-derived pancreatic fat content.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
MRI-derived pancreatic fat content
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.5 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Low-calorie real food-based diet (LCRFD) appears to improve continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Continuous glucose monitoring parameters during treatment
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.5 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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