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Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™

Mobile App May Improve Glucose Management in Diabetes

Powered by the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework

Last updated September 12, 2026

Key finding

The TIR of the participants increased from 71.8% to 76% (P < 0.05).

This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of the PROTEIN mobile app for glucose management in adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, finding an increase in time in range.

Quick read

Study at a glance

The essential study design details in one scan.

EvidenceScore™

Moderate

Study type

RCTs

Follow-up

Medium-Term (3–12 mo)

Risk of bias

Some Concerns

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Plain-language summary

What this paper says

A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.

Study focus

This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of the PROTEIN mobile app for glucose management in adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, finding an increase in time in range.

Clinical relevance

Improving time in range is crucial for individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes as it can lead to better long-term health outcomes. The findings suggest that mobile health interventions like the PROTEIN app may be effective tools for enhancing glucose management, potentially reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications.

Keep in mind

Small sample size may limit generalizability. Short duration of the study may not capture long-term effects. Other health metrics showed no significant changes.

Published in

Journal Reference

Publication details and source links for this paper.

Javad S, Jiale Z, Oluwafayoke O, et al. Efficacy of a Personalized Mobile App for Glucose Management in Adults with Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Human Factors. 2026;13:e87692. doi:10.2196/87692

View DOIView on PubMedView on PMC

Main Effects

Time in range (TIR) increased from 71.8% to 76% (P < 0.05).

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) did not fluctuate during the intervention.

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) remained stable throughout the study.

Body weight showed no significant changes over the 12-week period.

Evidence network

How this study fits

Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.

Evidence Context

This study contributes evidence to PROTEIN mobile app and Body weight, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), HbA1c, and 1 more.

This study contributes evidence to

Intervention

PROTEIN mobile app

Outcome

Body weight

Evidence topic

Glycemic Control

Primary intervention

PROTEIN mobile app

Primary outcomes

  • Body weight
  • Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
  • HbA1c

Evidence topics

Glycemic ControlCGM Time in RangeFasting Blood GlucoseHbA1c Reduction

Primary intervention

PROTEIN mobile app

Primary outcomes

Body weightFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)HbA1c

Evidence relationships

Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.

4
Evidence pairs
4
Relationships
5
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence

Editorial context

Why this study matters

See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.

Evidence network role

This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.

Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72

5

Related topics

4

Evidence pairs

1994

Related studies

High relevance in at least one topic

Why it is useful

  • Contributes to 4 evidence relationships
  • Includes primary outcome data
  • Linked to 5 direct semantic evidence topics

Topic contributions

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

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Primary evidence

Evidence topic

Glycemic Control

matched_outcome

Related evidence

Evidence topic

CGM Time in Range

Save evidence

Core evidence

Study findings

The primary outcomes reported in this study.

Body weight

PROTEIN mobile app → Body weight

PROTEIN mobile app → Body weight

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
50
Neutral
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence Tracker

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

PROTEIN mobile app → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

PROTEIN mobile app → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
50
Neutral
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence Tracker

HbA1c

PROTEIN mobile app → HbA1c

PROTEIN mobile app → HbA1c

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
50
Neutral
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence Tracker

Time in range

PROTEIN mobile app → Time in range

PROTEIN mobile app → Time in range

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
85
Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence Tracker

Evidence Library

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evidence suggest

Evidence Suggest

  • Time in range improved by 5% with the PROTEIN app (P < 0.05).
  • No significant changes in HbA1c, FPG, or body weight.
  • Effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear for other outcomes.
who this applies

Who this applies to

  • Adults diagnosed with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.
  • Individuals seeking behavioral lifestyle interventions for glucose management.
keep in mind

Keep in Mind

  • Results may not be applicable to broader populations due to sample size.
  • The study duration was limited to 12 weeks, impacting long-term applicability.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the effectiveness of the app on other health metrics.
between the lines

Between the Lines

  • Small sample size may limit generalizability.
  • Short duration of the study may not capture long-term effects.
  • Other health metrics showed no significant changes.

Evidence Library

Build your evidence library

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Connected Evidence

Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.

Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.

Powered by the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework

This study contributes to evidence on PROTEIN mobile app and Body Weight, PROTEIN mobile app and Fasting Glucose.

Related evidence relationships

Explore in Evidence Explorer

This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.

Questions answered by this study

Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.

Does PROTEIN mobile app improve time in range?

Emerging Evidence

PROTEIN mobile app appears to improve time in range.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    Time in range

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
1 supporting study
View Full Evidence

Does PROTEIN mobile app affect body weight?

Emerging Evidence

Current evidence does not show a clear effect of PROTEIN mobile app on body weight.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    Body weight

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
1 supporting study
View Full Evidence

Does PROTEIN mobile app improve fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?

Emerging Evidence

Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of PROTEIN mobile app for fasting plasma glucose (FPG).

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
1 supporting study
View Full Evidence

Does PROTEIN mobile app lower HbA1c?

Emerging Evidence

Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of PROTEIN mobile app for HbA1c.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    HbA1c

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
1 supporting study
View Full Evidence
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Next steps

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Evidence topics

Follow the topics this study contributes to.

Glycemic Control Evidence HubCGM Time in Range Evidence HubFasting Blood Glucose Evidence HubHbA1c Reduction Evidence Hub

Explore in Evidence Explorer

Open broader Evidence Explorer views for this relationship.

All studies on PROTEIN mobile app and Time in rangeAll studies on PROTEIN mobile app and Body weightAll studies on PROTEIN mobile app and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)All studies on PROTEIN mobile app and HbA1c

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