Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Self-Regulation Intervention Improves Diabetes Management
Last updated July 18, 2026
Key finding
Significant improvements in self-care ability (p < 0.001)
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an IFSMT-based self-regulation intervention in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant improvements in self-care ability, HbA1c levels, and quality of life.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an IFSMT-based self-regulation intervention in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant improvements in self-care ability, HbA1c levels, and quality of life.
Clinical relevance
The findings suggest that implementing self-regulation strategies based on the IFSMT can be an effective approach to managing Type 2 Diabetes, potentially leading to better health outcomes and improved patient engagement in their care. This is crucial as diabetes management often requires lifestyle changes that patients may struggle to implement without proper support.
Keep in mind
The study design was non-randomized, which may introduce bias. Sample size and demographic diversity were not specified. Long-term effects of the intervention were not assessed.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Fadli F, Nursalam N, Elly LS, Nilawati U. Effectiveness of a Self-Regulation Intervention Based on the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare. 2026;6:1712334. doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2025.1712334
Main Effects
The intervention group showed significant improvements in self-care ability (p < 0.001).
The intervention group showed a significant reduction in HbA1c levels by 1.7% (p < 0.05).
The intervention group showed significant improvements in quality of life (p < 0.01).
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to IFSMT-based self-regulation module and HbA1c, Improvement in self-care ability, Quality of life.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
IFSMT-based self-regulation module
Primary outcomes
- HbA1c
- Improvement in self-care ability
- Quality of life
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
3
Evidence pairs
3
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 63
1
Related topics
3
Evidence pairs
310
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 3 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
HbA1c Reduction
matched_outcome
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Improvement in self-care ability
IFSMT-based self-regulation module → Improvement in self-care ability
IFSMT-based self-regulation module → Improvement in self-care ability
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerQuality of life
IFSMT-based self-regulation module → Quality of life
IFSMT-based self-regulation module → Quality of life
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- Self-care ability improved by 2 points (p < 0.001).
- HbA1c levels decreased by 1.7% (p < 0.05).
- Quality of life increased by 3 points (p < 0.01).
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
- Patients seeking to improve their self-management skills.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not be generalizable to all populations with diabetes.
- The non-randomized design limits causal inferences.
- Further research is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes.
Between the Lines
- The study design was non-randomized, which may introduce bias.
- Sample size and demographic diversity were not specified.
- Long-term effects of the intervention were not assessed.
Evidence Library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on IFSMT-based self-regulation module and HbA1c, IFSMT-based self-regulation module and Quality of Life Outcomes.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
IFSMT-based self-regulation module → HbA1c
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceBehavioral & Lifestyle
IFSMT-based self-regulation module → Quality of Life Outcomes
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
IFSMT-based self-regulation module Evidence Hub
All studies on IFSMT-based self-regulation module
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to IFSMT-based self-regulation module evidence base.
Quality of Life Outcomes Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Quality of Life Outcomes
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Quality of Life Outcomes as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on IFSMT-based self-regulation module and HbA1c
Intervention: IFSMT-based self-regulation moduleOutcome: HbA1c
1 results
All studies on IFSMT-based self-regulation module and Quality of life
Intervention: IFSMT-based self-regulation moduleOutcome: Quality of life
1 results
All studies on IFSMT-based self-regulation module
Intervention: IFSMT-based self-regulation module
1 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
1 results
All studies measuring Quality of life
Outcome: Quality of life
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does IFSMT-based self-regulation module improve HbA1c?
Emerging Evidence
IFSMT-based self-regulation module appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does IFSMT-based self-regulation module improve improvement in self-care ability?
Emerging Evidence
IFSMT-based self-regulation module appears to improve Improvement in self-care ability.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Improvement in self-care ability
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does IFSMT-based self-regulation module improve quality of life?
Emerging Evidence
IFSMT-based self-regulation module appears to improve Quality of life.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Quality of life
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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