Last updated September 3, 2026
Key finding
The TBG+AIPN group achieved significantly greater improvements than the TBG group in diabetes knowledge (p = 0.040).
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention with health literacy strategies on self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy, finding significant improvements in diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention with health literacy strategies on self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy, finding significant improvements in diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy.
Improving health literacy is crucial for patients with diabetes, as it can lead to better self-management and health outcomes. This study highlights the potential of innovative educational tools, like photo-novels, to enhance understanding and self-efficacy, which are key components in managing diabetes effectively.
The study did not assess long-term effects of the interventions. Sample size and demographic diversity may limit generalizability. Perceived social support showed no significant differences, indicating a potential area for further research.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Tooba C, Homamodin J, Marzieh M, Mahnoush R. Effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention with health literacy strategies in enhancing self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy. BMC Health Services Research. 2026;26:792. doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14849-9
The TBG+AIPN group showed a 2.5 score increase in diabetes knowledge (p = 0.040).
The TBG+AIPN group demonstrated a 5 score increase in self-efficacy (p = 0.020).
The TBG+AIPN group had a 3 score increase in outcome expectations (p = 0.030).
The TBG+AIPN group exhibited a 4 score increase in self-regulation (p = 0.020).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention, Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) and Diabetes knowledge, Exercise self-efficacy, Outcome expectations, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
56
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Diabetes knowledge
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Diabetes knowledge
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Exercise self-efficacy
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Exercise self-efficacy
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Outcome expectations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Outcome expectations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Perceived support
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Perceived support
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Diabetes knowledge
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Diabetes knowledge
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Exercise self-efficacy
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Exercise self-efficacy
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Outcome expectations
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Outcome expectations
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Perceived support
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Perceived support
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention and Activities of Daily Living, Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Activities of Daily Living
Measures Activities of Daily Living as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
All studies on Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention
Contributes to Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention evidence base.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve diabetes knowledge.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes knowledge
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve exercise self-efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Exercise self-efficacy
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve outcome expectations.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Outcome expectations
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve self-regulation measured using the physical activity self-regulation scale.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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