Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. 7 studies described participants with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 3 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

MDI+BGM group

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants initiated the MiniMed 780G system in open loop and then transitioned to AHCL therapy.

AHCL group

Participants allocated to the AHCL group initiated the MiniMed 780G system in open loop with the 'Suspend before low' feature for 3 days and then initiated AHCL therapy with a glucose target of 100 mg/dL.

Participants continued with their previous treatment of multiple daily injections and self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Participants randomized to the MDI+BGM group continued with their previous treatment and repeated a 2 week blinded CGM period at the end of the 3 months.

AHCL system improves glycemic control in adults with T1DM

Standard Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion

Participants used the AHCL algorithm in the Medtronic MiniMed insulin pump for 6 months.

Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Therapy

Participants in the intervention arm used the AHCL algorithm in the Medtronic MiniMed™ insulin pump for 6 months.

Participants in the control arm continued their usual treatment.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: age group conflict.

AHCL therapy improves glucose levels but increases diabetes distress in youth

Usual Care

Participants received automated insulin delivery for 13 weeks.

Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)

We conducted a randomised controlled trial comparing AID to usual care in 80 participants (aged 7–25 years) over 13 weeks.

Participants received usual care for 13 weeks.

AID improves glycaemia but worsens sleep in young T1D patients

Standard Insulin Therapy

Participants continued with hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery using the Cambridge algorithm until 48 months after diagnosis.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery

Participants randomized to CL in the primary study phase continued CL therapy until 48 months after diagnosis.

Participants initially randomized to control continued standard insulin therapy until 48 months after diagnosis.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Improves Glycemic Control in Youth

Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy

Participants used hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery for 18 months during the extension phase.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Therapy

During the extension phase, all participants used hybrid CL insulin delivery for up to 18 months.

Participants used sensor-augmented pump therapy for 4 months during the primary study phase.

Outcomes were compared with the primary-phase SAP period.

Hybrid closed-loop therapy improves glycemic control in young children with T1D

Standard clinical practice

Participants received a hybrid follow-up program incorporating telemedicine consultations alongside face-to-face visits.

Hybrid Telemedicine Group

Participants assigned to the intervention arm had face-to-face visits at months 0, 6, and 12. Additionally, they had remote telemedicine consultations through the smartphone app at months 3 and 9.

Participants received conventional face-to-face follow-up care following standard clinical practice.

Participants were enrolled either in a hybrid follow-up program... or in conventional face-to-face follow-up care following a standard clinical practice.

Hybrid telemedicine improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes

Pump Therapy with CGM

Participants used the Omnipod 5 AID System for 13 weeks.

Tubeless AID System

In the intervention group, participants were trained on and used the Omnipod 5 AID System.

Participants continued using their usual insulin pump with a Dexcom G6 CGM.

In the control group, each participant continued using their usual insulin pump with a Dexcom G6 CGM.

Hybrid closed-loop system × HbA1c

Available supporting studies