Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 84
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 7 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Hybrid closed-loop therapy improves glycemic control in young children with T1D
Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
Percentage time in range (TIR) 3.9-10.0 mmol/L was 8.4 percentage points higher.
The study evaluated the Cambridge hybrid closed-loop system for glycemic control in young children with type 1 diabetes, showing improvements in time in range and HbA1c levels.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The study evaluated the Cambridge hybrid closed-loop system for glycemic control in young children with type 1 diabetes, showing improvements in time in range and HbA1c levels.
Clinical relevance
Improving glycemic control in very young children with type 1 diabetes is crucial for reducing the risk of long-term complications. The findings suggest that hybrid closed-loop therapy may offer a more effective management strategy, potentially leading to better health outcomes for this vulnerable population.
Keep in mind
Unclear effectiveness for some outcomes. Limited generalizability due to specific age range. Small number of severe hypoglycemia events.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Julia W, Janet MA, Charlotte KB, et al. Use of the Cambridge hybrid closed-loop system led to sustained improvements in glycemic control in very young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(12):2189-2195. doi:10.2337/dc24-1313
Main Effects
Percentage time in range (TIR) increased by 8.4 percentage points (p = 0.001).
HbA1c decreased by 0.4% during the CL extension phase (p = 0.001).
Time in hypoglycemia remained similar across treatment phases (P = 0.31).
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Hybrid closed-loop system, Insulin pump and HbA1c, Hypoglycemia events, Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system
Primary outcomes
- HbA1c
- Hypoglycemia events
- Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
6
Evidence pairs
6
Relationships
4
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
4
Related topics
6
Evidence pairs
1131
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 6 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 4 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and HbA1c
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and CGM Time in Range
Save evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and Hypoglycemia
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Hypoglycemia events
Hybrid closed-loop system → Hypoglycemia events
Hybrid closed-loop system → Hypoglycemia events
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- 60
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerPercentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 67
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 88
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 79
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 69
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 17 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- 8.4 percentage points increase in TIR during hybrid closed-loop therapy.
- 0.4% decrease in HbA1c during the CL extension phase.
- No significant change in hypoglycemia rates across treatment phases.
Who this applies to
- Very young children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.
- Patients requiring insulin therapy for blood sugar management.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to older children or adults.
- Further research needed to confirm long-term effects.
- Study design may limit broader applicability of findings.
Between the Lines
- Unclear effectiveness for some outcomes.
- Limited generalizability due to specific age range.
- Small number of severe hypoglycemia events.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and CGM Time in Range, Insulin Delivery Systems and Hypoglycemia.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Insulin Delivery Systems → CGM Time in Range
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 88
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 79
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 69
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 17 studies
View evidenceDevices & Technology
Insulin Delivery Systems → Hypoglycemia
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- 60
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
CGM Time in Range Evidence Hub
All studies measuring CGM Time in Range
17 studies
outcome_hubMeasures CGM Time in Range as a key outcome.
Insulin Delivery Systems Evidence Hub
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
17 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
Hypoglycemia Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia
5 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Hypoglycemia as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Time in range
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Time in range
17 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Hypoglycemia events
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Hypoglycemia events
5 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop system
17 results
All studies measuring Time in range
Outcome: Time in range
17 results
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia events
Outcome: Hypoglycemia events
5 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 84.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 17 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve cgm time in range?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve CGM Time in Range.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 87.9 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems affect hypoglycemia?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve Hypoglycemia.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Hypoglycemia events
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 84.7 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 9 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Hybrid closed-loop system improve percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/l?
Strong Evidence
Hybrid closed-loop system may improve Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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