Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. 10 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Innovator Semaglutide

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received generic semaglutide for 24 weeks in a step-wise dose escalation.

Generic Semaglutide

Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either generic semaglutide (Alkem laboratories Ltd.) or innovator Inj. semaglutide (Novo Nordisk) for 24 weeks in step-wise dose escalation from 0.25 mg/week to 2 mg/week.

Participants received innovator semaglutide for 24 weeks in a step-wise dose escalation.

Generic semaglutide is as effective as innovator version for diabetes control

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Metformin Group

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Patients received semaglutide as part of their treatment regimen.

Semaglutide Group

Patients received either semaglutide, up to 1 mg subcutaneous (sc) weekly, or dulaglutide, up to 1.5 mg sc weekly, as the standard of care in addition to their usual medication regimen.

Patients received dulaglutide as part of their treatment regimen.

Dulaglutide Group

Patients received metformin as the control treatment.

Twenty subjects with T2DM and obesity were started on metformin and a diet and served as the control group.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

GLP-1 agonists reduce heart fat thickness in diabetes.

Placebo

Participants received 2 mg of semaglutide weekly for 40 weeks.

Semaglutide 2 mg

245 individuals with type 2 diabetes and BMI ≥27 kg/m2 on metformin were randomized to weekly semaglutide (2, 8, or 16 mg s.c.) or placebo for 40 weeks.

Participants received 8 mg of semaglutide weekly for 40 weeks.

Semaglutide 8 mg

Participants received 16 mg of semaglutide weekly for 40 weeks.

Semaglutide 16 mg

Participants received a matching placebo for 40 weeks.

Higher semaglutide doses improve glucose control in type 2 diabetes

Reference semaglutide injection (comparator)

Patients received once-weekly semaglutide injection for 24 weeks.

Once-weekly semaglutide injection (test)

In this multicentre, randomised study, 314 patients aged 18–65 years with HbA1c 7.0–10.5 % were randomised 1:1 to once-weekly semaglutide injection (test) or reference semaglutide for 24 weeks.

Patients received reference semaglutide injection for 24 weeks.

Novel Semaglutide Injection Shows Non-Inferior Glycemic Control

Sitagliptin 100 mg

Participants received OW s.c. semaglutide 0.5 mg.

Semaglutide 0.5 mg

Participants were randomised to receive OW s.c. semaglutide 0.5 mg.

Participants received OW s.c. semaglutide 1.0 mg.

Semaglutide 1.0 mg

Participants were randomised to receive OW s.c. semaglutide 1.0 mg.

Participants received OD oral sitagliptin 100 mg.

Participants were randomised to receive OD oral sitagliptin 100 mg.

Once-weekly semaglutide improves glycemic control in Korean adults with T2D

Oral Sitagliptin 100 mg

Participants received once-daily oral semaglutide 3 mg.

Oral Semaglutide 3 mg

Participants were randomised (1:1:1:1) using a web-based randomisation system to either once-daily oral semaglutide (3 mg, 7 mg or 14 mg) or once-daily oral sitagliptin 100 mg.

Participants received once-daily oral semaglutide 7 mg.

Oral Semaglutide 7 mg

Participants received once-daily oral semaglutide 14 mg.

Oral Semaglutide 14 mg

Participants received once-daily oral sitagliptin 100 mg.

Oral semaglutide improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Participants receiving oral semaglutide as an adjunct to standard-of-care treatment.

Oral Semaglutide

The SOUL trial randomized 9650 participants with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or chronic kidney disease to oral semaglutide or placebo.

Participants receiving placebo treatment.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Oral semaglutide reduces cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes

Thrice-daily insulin aspart

Participants received once-weekly semaglutide as add-on to optimized insulin glargine and metformin.

Once-weekly semaglutide

1748 adults with T2D (HbA1c >7.5% to ≤10.0%) were randomized to OW semaglutide or TID IAsp as add-on to optimized IGlar and metformin for 52 weeks.

Participants received thrice-daily insulin aspart as add-on to optimized insulin glargine and metformin.

Semaglutide improves glycemic control more than insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes

Participants received semaglutide to evaluate cardiovascular, metabolic, and safety outcomes.

Semaglutide

In SUSTAIN 6, participants received OW s.c. semaglutide 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg (median follow-up of 2 years), while in PIONEER 6, participants received OD oral semaglutide 14 mg (median observation time of 15.9 months).

Participants received a dose-matched placebo as a comparator to semaglutide.

In both trials, the comparator was dose-matched placebo and treatments were in addition to standard of care.

Semaglutide reduces cardiovascular events and body weight in T2D

DPP-4 inhibitor group

Patients switched from DPP-4 inhibitors to oral semaglutide

Semaglutide group

Patients were randomly assigned to either continue on DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitor group) or switch to oral semaglutide at 3 mg/day, with a dose increase to 7 mg/day after 4 weeks (semaglutide group).

Patients were randomly assigned to either continue on DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitor group) or switch to oral semaglutide.

Switching to Semaglutide Improves Diabetes Management

Semaglutide 1 mg

Participants received 5 mg of Tirzepatide.

Tirzepatide 5 mg

In Hispanic or Latino patients, the LSM change from baseline in HbA1c at 40 weeks was -2.11% with tirzepatide 5 mg.

Participants received 10 mg of Tirzepatide.

Tirzepatide 10 mg

In Hispanic or Latino patients, the LSM change from baseline in HbA1c at 40 weeks was -2.46% with tirzepatide 10 mg.

Participants received 15 mg of Tirzepatide.

Tirzepatide 15 mg

In Hispanic or Latino patients, the LSM change from baseline in HbA1c at 40 weeks was -2.47% with tirzepatide 15 mg.

Participants received 1 mg of Semaglutide.

In Hispanic or Latino patients, the LSM change from baseline in HbA1c at 40 weeks was -1.93% with semaglutide.

Tirzepatide shows greater HbA1c and weight reduction than Semaglutide

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 8 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, usual_care.

4 of 5 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 10 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 5 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. 8 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 7 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 6 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 4 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

5 of 8 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 13 of 13 supporting studies. 11 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 12 studies described adult participants.

4 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Structured population data were available for 12 of 12 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 12 studies described adult participants.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 10 of 10 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 8 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 8 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, other, usual_care.

3 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. 6 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 6 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, placebo, usual_care.

Semaglutide × HbA1c

Available supporting studies