Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 6 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Conventional outpatient education

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received face-to-face education and remote monitoring during the first 3 months.

Digital Education Platform User Group

In the intervention group, physicians used the digital education platform to provide face-to-face education at enrollment and at the 3- and 6-month visits, along with remote monitoring during the first 3 months of the 6-month study period.

Participants received conventional outpatient education without remote monitoring.

The control group received conventional outpatient education.

Digital education platform improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Usual care

Participants attended a structured training program at home to improve glycemic control and health literacy.

Family-based, health literacy-adapted educational program

The intervention group participated in a structured home education program, while the control group continued to receive standard care during routine visits.

Participants continued receiving usual care, including regular visits to the diabetes outpatient clinic.

Participants in the control group continued receiving usual care, which included regular visits to the DOC.

Educational intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Patients received two or three videos every week and care messages every 2 weeks through the social media platform for 3 months, in addition to usual care.

Social media-delivered diabetes education program

The intervention group received two or three videos every week and care messages every 2 weeks through the social media platform for 3 months, in addition to usual care.

The control group only received usual care.

Social media program improves diabetes knowledge and self-care activities

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: comparator.

Participants received culturally tailored and patient-vetted diabetes educational materials.

EM-alone

EM-alone participants received culturally tailored and patient-vetted diabetes EM.

Participants received motivational interviewing-based coaching from certified lay health coaches.

HC+EM

HC+EM participants received motivational interviewing–based coaching from certified lay health coaches.

Participants received personalized and tailored text messages.

TM+EM

TM+EM participants received personalized and tailored messages.

Text Messaging Improves Diabetes Self-Care More Than Educational Materials Alone

Control education via pamphlets

Patients received education through video telecare, including a two-hour educational movie and follow-up discussions.

Video Tele-Education

The participants were divided into several subgroups. For the first time, the educational movie was displayed in the clinic for all subgroups. After the end of the movie display, there was a discussion opportunity using a question-and-answer format.

Patients received oral face-to-face education via group sessions with discussions.

In-Person Education

The patients were received oral face-to-face education via group sessions. The participants were divided into several subgroups. Each subgroup received four educational sessions during a two-week interval.

Patients received education about lifestyle management of T2DM through pamphlets.

The participants were received an education by staff nurses via pamphlets including education about lifestyle management of T2DM.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Video education improves dietary compliance for diabetes

Wait-list Control Group

Participants had access to the virtual platform for 12 months.

Access to a virtual care platform for diabetes management

Participants randomized to the intervention group had access to the virtual platform for 12 months.

Participants received access to the virtual care platform after 6 months.

Participants in the wait-list control group received access after 6 months.

Remote multiprofessional educational program × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Digital education platform improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Educational intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Social media program improves diabetes knowledge and self-care activities

Text Messaging Improves Diabetes Self-Care More Than Educational Materials Alone

Video education improves dietary compliance for diabetes

Virtual diabetes care improves glycaemic control in young adults