StrongDecrease
HbA1c
Remote multiprofessional educational program → HbA1c
Remote multiprofessional educational program → HbA1c
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseGlycemic Control
Unlock full evidence details
Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Text Messaging Improves Diabetes Self-Care More Than Educational Materials Alone
Key finding
Average reduction in HbA1c was 0.76% ± 0.12% (p ≤ 0.0001)
The MODEL Study evaluated patient-centered behavioral interventions for diabetes self-care, finding significant improvements in healthy eating days and HbA1c levels.
Evidence strength
Moderate confidence
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
High bias
Last updated July 8, 2026Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
Population
Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Male, Female, North America, with T2 Diabetes
Intervention
Educational Materials (EM), Health Coaching (HC) + EM, Text Messaging (TM) + EM
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Primary outcome
Healthy Eating Days
Evidence
Moderate confidence
Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The MODEL Study evaluated patient-centered behavioral interventions for diabetes self-care, finding significant improvements in healthy eating days and HbA1c levels.
Clinical relevance
These findings highlight the importance of patient-centered behavioral interventions in managing diabetes. By improving dietary habits and lowering HbA1c levels, these strategies can lead to better health outcomes for individuals with diabetes, potentially reducing the risk of complications associated with the disease.
Keep in mind
Effectiveness of interventions remains unclear due to lack of detailed statistical analysis. Potential biases in self-reported dietary habits. Limited generalizability to broader diabetes populations.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
James EB, Satya S, Justin G, et al. The MODEL Study: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Patient-Centered Behavioral Interventions for Diabetes Self-Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2025;41(6):1573-1583. doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09882-z
Save this study and add notes to your research library.
Main Effects
EM participants increased healthy eating days by 0.67 ± 0.19 day/week.
HC+EM participants increased healthy eating days by 0.99 ± 0.15 day/week.
TM+EM participants increased healthy eating days by 1.36 ± 0.15 day/week.
Average reduction in HbA1c was 0.76% ± 0.12%.
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Remote multiprofessional educational program, SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion, Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention and HbA1c, Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Remote multiprofessional educational program
Primary outcomes
- HbA1c
- Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
6
Evidence pairs
6
Relationships
3
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 69
3
Related topics
6
Evidence pairs
271
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 6 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 2 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
StrongIncrease
Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Evidence profile
StrongIncreaseAdherence & Engagement
Unlock full evidence details
StrongDecrease
HbA1c
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion → HbA1c
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion → HbA1c
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseGlycemic Control
Unlock full evidence details
StrongIncrease
Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion → Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion → Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Evidence profile
StrongIncreaseAdherence & Engagement
Unlock full evidence details
StrongDecrease
HbA1c
Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention → HbA1c
Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention → HbA1c
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseGlycemic Control
Unlock full evidence details
StrongIncrease
Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention → Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention → Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Evidence profile
StrongIncreaseAdherence & Engagement
Unlock full evidence details
Unlock full evidence analysis
Create a free account to access effectiveness ratings, evidence strength and depth scores, consistency analysis, and direct links to all supporting studies.
Evidence Suggest
- EM led to a 0.67 day/week increase in healthy eating.
- HC+EM resulted in a 0.99 day/week increase in healthy eating.
- TM+EM showed a 1.36 day/week increase in healthy eating.
Who this applies to
- Adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Patients seeking to improve their diabetes self-care.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to all demographics of diabetes patients.
- Further research is needed to confirm long-term effects.
- Self-reported data may introduce bias in dietary assessments.
Between the Lines
- Effectiveness of interventions remains unclear due to lack of detailed statistical analysis.
- Potential biases in self-reported dietary habits.
- Limited generalizability to broader diabetes populations.
Unlock Full Analysis
Create a free account to unlock the bias score, detailed effectiveness analysis, and clinical outcomes for this study.
Already have an account?
Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and HbA1c, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and HbA1c.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ArchiveThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) ProgramsHbA1c
Behavioral & Lifestyle
6 studies
Detailed evidenceDiabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) ProgramsHbA1c
Behavioral & Lifestyle
5 studies
Detailed evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs Evidence Hub
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
6 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
6 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in the evidence archive
Jump to pre-filtered views in the evidence archive.
All studies on SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion and HbA1c
Intervention: SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionOutcome: HbA1c
6 results
All studies on Remote multiprofessional educational program and HbA1c
Intervention: Remote multiprofessional educational programOutcome: HbA1c
5 results
All studies on SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion
Intervention: SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion
6 results
All studies on Remote multiprofessional educational program
Intervention: Remote multiprofessional educational program
5 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
6 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs improve HbA1c?
Emerging Evidence
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve HbA1c.
ConsensusScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 54.5 | weak positive | ConsensusScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 24 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Remote multiprofessional educational program improve increase in healthy eating days per week?
Emerging Evidence
Remote multiprofessional educational program appears to improve Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 49.1 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion improve increase in healthy eating days per week?
Emerging Evidence
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion appears to improve Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 49.1 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention improve increase in healthy eating days per week?
Emerging Evidence
Telephone-based pharmacist behavioral intervention appears to improve Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 49.1 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
Continue your research
Choose a next path through related evidence topics, archive views, and research summaries.
Evidence topics
Follow the topics this study contributes to.
Explore in archive
Open broader archive views for this relationship.
All studies on SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion and HbA1cAll studies on Remote multiprofessional educational program and HbA1cAll studies on Remote multiprofessional educational program and Increase in Healthy Eating Days per WeekAll studies on SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion and Increase in Healthy Eating Days per Week
Related research
Read related research summaries.
Text Messaging Improves Patient-Reported Outcomes in Diabetes CareAI-enabled mHealth shows similar effectiveness to traditional methods for diabetes preventionTelehealth SMS improves statin adherenceSMS Messaging Improves Medication Adherence in Type 2 DiabetesDigital education platform improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
No ads. No tracking.
Focused on evidence, not advertising.
Secure & private
Your data is always protected.
Always up to date
New studies added every day.