Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, other, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants assigned to a calorie-restricted reduced carbohydrate diet.

Calorie-restricted reduced carbohydrate diet

In total, 83 adults were initially randomized to either a calorie-restricted reduced carbohydrate (RC) diet or high-carbohydrate (HC) diet.

Participants assigned to a high-carbohydrate diet.

High-carbohydrate diet

Nonresponders assigned to time-restricted eating.

Time-restricted eating

Nonresponders (<2.5% weight loss at week 4) were rerandomly assigned to augment initial dietary prescriptions with either TRE or exercise counseling.

Nonresponders assigned to exercise counseling.

Exercise counseling

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Carbohydrate restriction and exercise improve weight loss in prediabetes

Mediterranean-style control diet

Participants followed a diet restricting carbohydrate intake to the first two meals of the day.

eTRC diet

Participants were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to follow either an eTRC diet or a Mediterranean-style (Med) control diet matched in energy restriction and macronutrient composition for 12 consecutive weeks.

Participants followed a Mediterranean-style diet with matched energy restriction and macronutrient distribution.

Time-restricted diet aids glucose control in diabetes

Control

Participants ate ad libitum between 12:00 and 8:00 pm daily and fasted from 8:00 pm to 12:00 pm the following day.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)

Participants in the TRE group ate ad libitum between 12:00 and 8:00 pm daily and fasted from 8:00 pm to 12:00 pm the following day.

Participants were instructed to reduce their energy intake by 25% of their baseline energy needs every day.

Calorie Restriction (CR)

Participants in the CR group were instructed to reduce their energy intake by 25% of their baseline energy needs every day.

Control participants were instructed to maintain their weight and usual eating and exercise habits.

Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

No intervention

Participants instructed to consume food ad libitum between 12:00 PM and 8:00 PM.

Participants in the TRE group were instructed to consume food ad libitum between 12:00 PM and 8:00 PM, and abstain from eating from 8:00 PM to 12:00 PM the following day.

Participants instructed to reduce their caloric intake by 25% each day.

Participants in the CR group were instructed to reduce their caloric intake by 25% each day.

Participants instructed to maintain their usual eating and exercise patterns.

The control group was instructed to maintain their usual eating and exercise patterns throughout the 6 months of the study.

Time-Restricted Eating Shows No Effect on Mood or Quality of Life in Diabetes

Control diet

Participants followed a 10-h restricted feeding treatment program for 12 weeks.

Time-Restricted Feeding Group

Sixty patients participated in a 10-h restricted feeding treatment program (ad libitum feeding from 8:00 to 18:00 h; fasting between 18:00 and 8:00 h) for 12 weeks.

Participants maintained their normal diet throughout the trial.

The control group was asked to maintain their normal diet throughout the trial.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) × Body weight

Available supporting studies

Carbohydrate restriction and exercise improve weight loss in prediabetes

Time-restricted diet aids glucose control in diabetes

Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

Time-Restricted Eating Shows No Effect on Mood or Quality of Life in Diabetes

Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and weight in type 2 diabetes