Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Time-restricted diet aids glucose control in diabetes
Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
HbA1c decreased by -3 [−6, −0.3] mmol/mol vs -4 [−6, −2] mmol/mol, p = 0.386.
This study evaluated the effects of early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption on glucose and body weight management in type 2 diabetes.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effects of early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption on glucose and body weight management in type 2 diabetes.
Clinical relevance
Understanding the effectiveness of different dietary strategies is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes. This study suggests that early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption may not provide additional benefits compared to a Mediterranean-style diet, which is important for dietary recommendations.
Keep in mind
The study had a limited sample size. Results may not be generalizable to all populations with type 2 diabetes. No long-term follow-up data were provided.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Domenico T, Maria CM, Simona B, et al. Early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption improves glucose and body weight management in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;67(2):263-274. doi:10.1007/s00125-023-06045-9
Main Effects
HbA1c decreased by -3 mmol/mol in the eTRC group vs -4 mmol/mol in the control group, p = 0.386.
Both groups achieved similar reductions in body weight.
Fasting plasma glucose levels showed no significant difference between groups.
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Mediterranean diet, Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) and Body fat mass, Body weight, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), and 5 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Mediterranean diet
Primary outcomes
- Body fat mass
- Body weight
- Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
16
Evidence pairs
16
Relationships
7
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
7
Related topics
16
Evidence pairs
2194
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 16 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 7 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
Dietary Patterns
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Cardiometabolic Risk
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Mediterranean diet → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Mediterranean diet → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 71
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 57
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 7 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 76
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 75
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerLiver function tests
Mediterranean diet → Liver function tests
Mediterranean diet → Liver function tests
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerBody fat mass
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Body fat mass
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Body fat mass
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 88
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 67
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerGlucose variability
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Glucose variability
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Glucose variability
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 63
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 75
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerInsulin resistance
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Insulin resistance
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Insulin resistance
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 67
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerLiver function tests
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Liver function tests
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Liver function tests
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerTriglycerides
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Triglycerides
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Triglycerides
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Evidence Suggest
- HbA1c levels decreased similarly in both dietary groups.
- Fasting plasma glucose showed no significant differences.
- Body weight reductions were comparable across both diets.
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
- Individuals interested in dietary interventions for diabetes management.
Keep in Mind
- The study's findings may not apply to younger populations.
- The short duration of the study limits long-term applicability.
- Differences in individual responses to diets were not assessed.
Between the Lines
- The study had a limited sample size.
- Results may not be generalizable to all populations with type 2 diabetes.
- No long-term follow-up data were provided.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Mediterranean diet and HbA1c, Mediterranean diet and Fasting Glucose.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
Mediterranean diet → HbA1c
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 71
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 57
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 7 studies
View evidenceDiet and Nutrition
Mediterranean diet → Fasting Glucose
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
View evidenceDiet and Nutrition
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) → Body Weight
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 88
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
7 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Mediterranean diet Evidence Hub
All studies on Mediterranean diet
7 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Mediterranean diet evidence base.
Body Weight Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Weight
4 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Weight as a key outcome.
Fasting Glucose Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
4 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) Evidence Hub
All studies on Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)
4 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) evidence base.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Mediterranean diet and HbA1c
Intervention: Mediterranean dietOutcome: HbA1c
7 results
All studies on Mediterranean diet and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Intervention: Mediterranean dietOutcome: Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
4 results
All studies on Mediterranean diet
Intervention: Mediterranean diet
7 results
All studies on Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)
Intervention: Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)
4 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
7 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Mediterranean diet improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Mediterranean diet may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 84.9 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) affect body weight?
Strong Evidence
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) appears to improve Body weight.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Body weight
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Mediterranean diet affect body weight?
Strong Evidence
Mediterranean diet may improve Body weight.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Body weight
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Mediterranean diet improve insulin resistance?
Strong Evidence
Mediterranean diet may improve Insulin resistance.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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Related research
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Time-restricted eating may improve adherence in type 2 diabetesMediterranean diet improves metabolic health in older adultsPersonalized diet improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetesTime-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and weight in type 2 diabetesEarly time-restricted eating may improve glucose profiles in adults with obesity
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