Last updated June 19, 2026
Key finding
HbA1c decreased by 2.57% in the intervention group compared to 1.96% in the control group (P <.001; 95% CI –1.027 to –0.238).
This study evaluated a digital-driven physician-pharmacist collaborative model for managing Type 2 diabetes in underresourced settings, finding significant improvements in several health outcomes.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated a digital-driven physician-pharmacist collaborative model for managing Type 2 diabetes in underresourced settings, finding significant improvements in several health outcomes.
This study highlights the potential of integrating digital health solutions with collaborative care models to enhance diabetes management, particularly in underresourced areas. Improved outcomes in HbA1c, cardiovascular risk, and patient satisfaction suggest that such interventions could lead to better health and quality of life for patients with Type 2 diabetes, ultimately reducing healthcare costs and burden on healthcare systems.
The study was limited to underresourced settings, which may affect generalizability. The sample size and demographic characteristics may not represent the broader population of diabetes patients. Long-term sustainability of the intervention's effects was not assessed.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Jie X, Qing W, Shenglan T, et al. Long-term Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of a Digital-Driven Physician-Pharmacist Collaborative Model for Managing Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Underresourced Settings: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2026;28. doi:10.2196/77470
HbA1c decreased by 2.57% in the intervention group compared to 1.96% in the control group (P <.001).
10-year ASCVD risk decreased by 1.35 in the intervention group compared to an increase of 0.01 in the control group (P <.001).
Patient satisfaction improved significantly in the intervention group (P <.001).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care and 10-year ASCVD risk, 2-hour plasma glucose, BMI, and 10 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
6
Related topics
13
Evidence pairs
706
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence relationship
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → 10-year ASCVD risk
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → 10-year ASCVD risk
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → 2-hour plasma glucose
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → 2-hour plasma glucose
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → BMI
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → BMI
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → HbA1c
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → HbA1c
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → HDL cholesterol
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → HDL cholesterol
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → LDL cholesterol
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → LDL cholesterol
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Systolic blood pressure
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Systolic blood pressure
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Total cholesterol
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Total cholesterol
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Treatment satisfaction
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Treatment satisfaction
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Triglycerides
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Triglycerides
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Waist circumference
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Waist circumference
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Waist-to-hip ratio
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative care → Waist-to-hip ratio
Evidence Library
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Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and HbA1c, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Cardiovascular Outcomes.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
Contributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
Measures Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Cardiovascular Outcomes
Measures Cardiovascular Outcomes as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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2 results
1 results
2 results
2 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 8 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 30 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve Body Mass Index.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
BMI
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs appears to improve Body Composition.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Waist circumference
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Waist-to-hip ratio
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 6 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
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