Last updated May 30, 2026
Key finding
A 6-month randomized trial found that home telemedicine plus Health Belief Model education improved HbA1c and self-management outcomes in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
This randomized trial tested a home telemedicine program combined with Health Belief Model-based education in older adults with type 2 diabetes. After 6 months, the intervention group had better HbA1c improvement and higher self-management, self-efficacy, and health belief scores than the control group.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
A 6-month randomized trial found that home telemedicine plus Health Belief Model education improved HbA1c and self-management outcomes in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Zhang A, Wang J, Wan X, et al. Community-Based Intelligent Blood Glucose Management for Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Based on the Health Belief Model: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2025;13:e60227. doi:10.2196/60227
HbA1c ↓ more with telemedicine plus HBM education than with routine community management at 6 months
Diabetes self-management behaviors ↑ in the intervention group compared with control
Self-efficacy and health belief scores ↑ more in the intervention group
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Remote multiprofessional educational program and Diabetes management self-efficacy, Diabetes self-management behaviors, HbA1c, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Remote multiprofessional educational program
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
4
Related topics
4
Evidence pairs
402
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Save studies and evidence pages, organize your personal Evidence Tracker, and keep the research you care about in one place.
Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
Save evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Diabetes management self-efficacy
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Diabetes management self-efficacy
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Remote multiprofessional educational program → HbA1c
Remote multiprofessional educational program → HbA1c
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Health belief score
Remote multiprofessional educational program → Health belief score
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older with type 2 diabetes.
This was not a medication trial; the intervention was digital monitoring plus education and care-team support.
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and HbA1c, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
Contributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
5 results
2 results
5 results
5 results
2 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 82.6 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 30 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs appears to improve Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes management self-efficacy
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Diabetes self-management behaviors
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 10 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Remote multiprofessional educational program appears to improve Health belief score.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Health belief score
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Next steps
Choose a next path through related evidence topics, Evidence Explorer views, and research summaries.
Follow the topics this study contributes to.
Open broader Evidence Explorer views for this relationship.
Read related research summaries.
Focused on evidence, not advertising.
Your data is always protected.
New studies added every day.
