Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
Participants randomized to closed-loop insulin delivery spent less time <70 mg/dL (1.7 ± 0.8% vs. 5.5 ± 3.3%; P < 0.001).
The study investigated the effects of closed-loop insulin delivery on hypoglycemia in women with Type 1 diabetes postpartum, finding reduced hypoglycemia with this method.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The study investigated the effects of closed-loop insulin delivery on hypoglycemia in women with Type 1 diabetes postpartum, finding reduced hypoglycemia with this method.
Managing blood sugar levels is crucial for women with Type 1 diabetes, especially postpartum. The findings suggest that closed-loop insulin delivery systems can significantly reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, which can lead to severe complications. This could inform treatment choices and improve quality of life for postpartum women with diabetes.
Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics. Short duration of follow-up may not capture long-term effects. Potential for unmeasured confounders affecting results.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Lois ED, Denice SF, Patricia L, et al. Women with Type 1 Diabetes Randomized to Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Postpartum Had Less Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(12):2258-2266. doi:10.2337/dc23-0882
Participants using closed-loop insulin delivery spent less time <70 mg/dL (1.7% vs. 5.5%; P < 0.001).
Those using closed-loop delivery had less time <54 mg/dL (0.3% vs. 1.1%; P = 0.008).
No episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis were reported in either group.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Hybrid closed-loop system, Insulin pump and Diabetic ketoacidosis, Percentage of time spent above 180 mg/dL, Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL, and 3 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
575
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Hybrid closed-loop system → Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hybrid closed-loop system → Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent above 180 mg/dL
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent above 180 mg/dL
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL
Hybrid closed-loop system → Severe hypoglycemia
Hybrid closed-loop system → Severe hypoglycemia
Hybrid closed-loop system → Time spent below 54 mg/dL
Hybrid closed-loop system → Time spent below 54 mg/dL
Insulin pump → Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL
Insulin pump → Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and CGM Time in Range, Insulin Delivery Systems and Diabetic ketoacidosis.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Devices & Technology
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring CGM Time in Range
Measures CGM Time in Range as a key outcome.
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
Contributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
All studies measuring Diabetic ketoacidosis
Measures Diabetic ketoacidosis as a key outcome.
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12 results
3 results
12 results
12 results
3 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve CGM Time in Range.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 86.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 20 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve Hypoglycemia.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Severe hypoglycemia
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Hybrid closed-loop system for Diabetic ketoacidosis.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetic ketoacidosis
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Hybrid closed-loop system appears to improve Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Percentage of time spent below 70 mg/dL
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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