Last updated September 9, 2026
Key finding
Estimated mean difference in postprandial blood glucose after breakfast was -13.2 mg/dl, p = 0.022.
This study evaluated the effect of chewing gum on glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The gum-chewing group showed lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels compared to the control group.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effect of chewing gum on glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The gum-chewing group showed lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels compared to the control group.
Effective management of blood glucose levels in gestational diabetes is crucial for the health of both the mother and the baby. The findings from this study suggest that incorporating chewing gum into dietary practices may offer an easy and low-cost adjunctive intervention to improve glycemic control, potentially reducing risks associated with gestational diabetes.
The study did not assess long-term effects beyond the intervention period. Sample size and demographic characteristics may limit generalizability. No significant differences were found for several neonatal outcomes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Perimah PZ, Shayan AS, Farideh M, et al. Chewing gum as an adjunctive intervention for glycemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2026;18:84. doi:10.1186/s13098-026-02111-5
The gum-chewing group exhibited a decrease in fasting plasma glucose by 7.86 mg/dl (p=0.053).
Postprandial blood glucose after breakfast decreased by 13.2 mg/dl in the gum-chewing group (p=0.022).
Postprandial blood glucose after lunch decreased by 8.92 mg/dl in the gum-chewing group (p=0.014).
Postprandial blood glucose after dinner decreased by 12.96 mg/dl in the gum-chewing group (p=0.006).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Chewing Gum Intervention, Control: Routine Care and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Postprandial Blood Glucose after Dinner, Postprandial Blood Glucose after Lunch, and 7 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Chewing Gum Intervention
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
933
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Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Chewing Gum Intervention → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Chewing Gum Intervention → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Chewing Gum Intervention → Postprandial blood glucose
Chewing Gum Intervention → Postprandial blood glucose
Chewing Gum Intervention → Postprandial Blood Glucose after Dinner
Chewing Gum Intervention → Postprandial Blood Glucose after Dinner
Chewing Gum Intervention → Postprandial Blood Glucose after Lunch
Chewing Gum Intervention → Postprandial Blood Glucose after Lunch
Control: Routine Care → APGAR Score at 1 Minute
Control: Routine Care → APGAR Score at 1 Minute
Control: Routine Care → Birth weight z score
Control: Routine Care → Birth weight z score
Control: Routine Care → Emergency cesarean section rate
Control: Routine Care → Emergency cesarean section rate
Control: Routine Care → Frequency of infants with APGAR score less than 7 at 5 minutes after birth
Control: Routine Care → Frequency of infants with APGAR score less than 7 at 5 minutes after birth
Control: Routine Care → Gestational age at delivery (weeks)
Control: Routine Care → Gestational age at delivery (weeks)
Control: Routine Care → Length of Neonates
Control: Routine Care → Length of Neonates
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Chewing Gum Intervention and Fasting Glucose, Chewing Gum Intervention and Postprandial and OGTT Glucose.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Birth weight z score
Measures Birth weight z score as a key outcome.
All studies on Chewing Gum Intervention
Contributes to Chewing Gum Intervention evidence base.
All studies on Control: Routine Care
Contributes to Control: Routine Care evidence base.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Postprandial and OGTT Glucose
Measures Postprandial and OGTT Glucose as a key outcome.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Chewing Gum Intervention appears to improve postprandial blood glucose after dinner.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Postprandial Blood Glucose after Dinner
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Chewing Gum Intervention appears to improve postprandial blood glucose after lunch.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Postprandial Blood Glucose after Lunch
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Chewing Gum Intervention appears to improve postprandial blood glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Postprandial blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Chewing Gum Intervention for fasting plasma glucose (FPG).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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