StrongDecrease
Blood glucose
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Blood glucose
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Blood glucose
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseGlycemic Control
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Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Citrulline may improve vascular function and glucose levels in T2D
Key finding
FMD increased from 4.3% to 5.6% in the fasted state (p < 0.01).
L-Citrulline supplementation added to standard treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Evidence strength
Moderate confidence
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Some Concerns bias
Last updated July 3, 2026Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
Population
Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Male, Female, Asia-Pacific (APAC), with T2 Diabetes
Intervention
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1), Placebo (Phase 1)
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Primary outcome
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
Comparator
Placebo Group
Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
L-Citrulline supplementation added to standard treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Clinical relevance
This study evaluated L-Citrulline supplementation added to standard treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Keep in mind
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Yejin K, Katherine ND, Danielle EL, Arturo F, Iván CR, Alicia S. Citrulline Supplementation Improves Vascular Function and Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2025;17(23):3739. doi:10.3390/nu17233739
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Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Blood glucose, Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV), and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)
Primary outcomes
- Blood glucose
- Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
- Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
5
Evidence pairs
5
Relationships
2
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
2
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
142
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 5 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 2 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
StrongIncrease
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
Evidence profile
StrongIncreaseClinical Outcomes
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StrongDecrease
Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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StrongDecrease
Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) during acute hyperglycemia
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) during acute hyperglycemia
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) during acute hyperglycemia
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseClinical Outcomes
Unlock full evidence details
StrongDecrease
Systolic blood pressure
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Systolic blood pressure
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) → Systolic blood pressure
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Fasting Glucose, L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Cardiovascular Outcomes.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ArchiveThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Included in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Blood Pressure Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Blood Pressure
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Blood Pressure as a key outcome.
Cardiovascular Outcomes Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Cardiovascular Outcomes
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Cardiovascular Outcomes as a key outcome.
Fasting Glucose Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) Evidence Hub
All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) evidence base.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in the evidence archive
Jump to pre-filtered views in the evidence archive.
All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Blood glucose
Intervention: L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)Outcome: Blood glucose
1 results
All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
Intervention: L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)Outcome: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
1 results
All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)
Intervention: L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)
1 results
All studies measuring Blood glucose
Outcome: Blood glucose
1 results
All studies measuring Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
Outcome: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) improve blood glucose?
Emerging Evidence
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) appears to improve Blood glucose.
ConsensusScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.5 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) improve brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (fmd)?
Emerging Evidence
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) appears to improve Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD).
ConsensusScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.5 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) improve systolic blood pressure?
Emerging Evidence
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) appears to improve Systolic blood pressure.
ConsensusScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Systolic blood pressure
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.5 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) improve femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (fapwv)?
Emerging Evidence
L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) appears to improve Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV).
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.5 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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Evidence topics
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Explore in archive
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All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Blood glucoseAll studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)All studies on L-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1) and Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) during acute hyperglycemia
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