StrongDecrease
BMI
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → BMI
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → BMI
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseWeight & Anthropometrics
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Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Citrus Bioflavonoids Improve Metformin Efficacy in Prediabetes
Key finding
The nutraceutical group demonstrated a 5% reduction in 2-h OGTT glucose.
Citrus bioflavonoid-based nutraceutical added to metformin in prediabetic individuals.
Evidence strength
Moderate confidence
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Some Concerns bias
Last updated July 3, 2026Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
Population
Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Male, Female, Asia-Pacific (APAC), with T2 Diabetes
Intervention
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin, Placebo plus metformin
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Primary outcome
Postprandial glucose metabolism
Comparator
Group B
Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
Citrus bioflavonoid-based nutraceutical added to metformin in prediabetic individuals.
Clinical relevance
This study evaluated Citrus bioflavonoid-based nutraceutical added to metformin in prediabetic individuals.
Keep in mind
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Thais C, Maria RO, Valeria S, et al. Efficacy of Citrus Bioflavonoids as an Adjunct to Metformin Therapy in Prediabetic Individuals. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2025;12:1639901. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1639901
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Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and BMI, Body fat mass, Body weight, and 5 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin
Primary outcomes
- BMI
- Body fat mass
- Body weight
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
8
Evidence pairs
8
Relationships
4
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72
4
Related topics
8
Evidence pairs
240
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 8 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 4 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
StrongDecrease
Body fat mass
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Body fat mass
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Body fat mass
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseWeight & Anthropometrics
Unlock full evidence details
StrongDecrease
Body weight
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Body weight
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Body weight
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseWeight & Anthropometrics
Unlock full evidence details
StrongNo Change
GLP-1
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → GLP-1
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → GLP-1
Evidence profile
StrongNo ChangeMetabolic Health
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StrongIncrease
Plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP)
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP)
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP)
Evidence profile
StrongIncreaseMetabolic Health
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StrongDecrease
Postprandial blood glucose
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Postprandial blood glucose
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Postprandial blood glucose
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseGlycemic Control
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StrongDecrease
Systolic blood pressure
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Systolic blood pressure
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Systolic blood pressure
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
Unlock full evidence details
StrongDecrease
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin → Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Metformin Therapies and Body Mass Index, Metformin Therapies and Body Composition.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ArchiveThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Included in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Body Composition Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Composition
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Composition as a key outcome.
Body Mass Index Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Mass Index
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Mass Index as a key outcome.
Body Weight Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Weight
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Weight as a key outcome.
Metformin Therapies Evidence Hub
All studies on Metformin Therapies
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Metformin Therapies evidence base.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in the evidence archive
Jump to pre-filtered views in the evidence archive.
All studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and BMI
Intervention: Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metforminOutcome: BMI
1 results
All studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and Body fat mass
Intervention: Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metforminOutcome: Body fat mass
1 results
All studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin
Intervention: Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin
1 results
All studies measuring BMI
Outcome: BMI
1 results
All studies measuring Body fat mass
Outcome: Body fat mass
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Metformin Therapies improve blood pressure?
Emerging Evidence
Metformin Therapies appears to improve Blood Pressure.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Systolic blood pressure
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a small number of supporting studies and should be interpreted cautiously.
Limitations
- Only a small number of supporting studies are available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Metformin Therapies improve body composition?
Emerging Evidence
Metformin Therapies appears to improve Body Composition.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Body fat mass
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a small number of supporting studies and should be interpreted cautiously.
Limitations
- Only a small number of supporting studies are available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Metformin Therapies improve postprandial and ogtt glucose?
Emerging Evidence
Metformin Therapies appears to improve Postprandial and OGTT Glucose.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Postprandial blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a small number of supporting studies and should be interpreted cautiously.
Limitations
- Only a small number of supporting studies are available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Metformin Therapies improve inflammatory markers?
Emerging Evidence
Metformin Therapies appears to improve Inflammatory Markers.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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All studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and BMIAll studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and Body fat massAll studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and Body weightAll studies on Citrus flavonoid supplementation with metformin and GLP-1
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