Last updated September 11, 2026
Key finding
HN levels increased significantly in CT and CT+S (p < 0.05)
This study investigated the effects of astaxanthin supplementation and combined training on metabolic indices in women with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in certain outcomes.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of astaxanthin supplementation and combined training on metabolic indices in women with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in certain outcomes.
These findings highlight the importance of physical activity in managing type 2 diabetes, suggesting that combined training can effectively enhance metabolic health. For clinicians, this underscores the need to promote exercise as a key component of diabetes management, while the limited impact of astaxanthin supplementation alone suggests it should not replace traditional lifestyle interventions.
The study did not assess long-term effects beyond the intervention period. Sample size and demographic limitations may affect generalizability. The effects of astaxanthin supplementation were unclear and not statistically significant.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Aref B, Karen K, Najmeh H, et al. Astaxanthin Supplementation and Combined Training Improve Metabolic Indices in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Scientific Reports. 2025;15:40113. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-23914-y
Humanin levels increased significantly in combined training groups (p < 0.05).
Fasting blood glucose improved significantly in combined training groups.
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) improved significantly in combined training groups.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Astaxanthin supplementation, Resistance training and Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with AST, Insulin resistance, and 5 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Astaxanthin supplementation
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
1390
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Astaxanthin supplementation → Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Astaxanthin supplementation → Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Astaxanthin supplementation → Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with AST
Astaxanthin supplementation → Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with AST
Astaxanthin supplementation → Insulin resistance
Astaxanthin supplementation → Insulin resistance
Resistance training → Change in microRNA-126 expression
Resistance training → Change in microRNA-126 expression
Resistance training → Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Resistance training → Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Resistance training → miRNA-122 expression
Resistance training → miRNA-122 expression
Resistance training → miRNA-146a expression
Resistance training → miRNA-146a expression
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Resistance training and HbA1c, Resistance training and Insulin Resistance.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Resistance training
Contributes to Resistance training evidence base.
All studies measuring Insulin Resistance
Measures Insulin Resistance as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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8 results
4 results
8 results
8 results
4 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Resistance training appears to lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 84.3 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Resistance training may improve insulin resistance.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 78.2 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Resistance training appears to improve change in microrna-126 expression.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Change in microRNA-126 expression
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Resistance training appears to improve humanin.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Humanin
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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