Last updated July 12, 2026
Key finding
HbA1c decreased by 0.70% (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.39; p < 0.001)
This pilot study evaluated a community pharmacy-led diabetes management model using continuous glucose monitoring, finding significant improvements in HbA1c and time in range.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This pilot study evaluated a community pharmacy-led diabetes management model using continuous glucose monitoring, finding significant improvements in HbA1c and time in range.
This study highlights the potential of community pharmacies to play a crucial role in diabetes management, particularly through innovative approaches like continuous glucose monitoring. Improved HbA1c levels and time in range can lead to better long-term health outcomes for patients with diabetes, making this model a valuable addition to diabetes care strategies.
Non-randomized study design limits causal inference Sample size may not be representative of the broader population Effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear in larger cohorts
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Kyung-In J, Ji WH, So YS, et al. Community pharmacy-led diabetes management using continuous glucose monitoring: A pilot feasibility study. PLOS One. 2026;21(5):e0350025. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0350025
HbA1c decreased by 0.70% (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.39; p < 0.001)
Time in range increased by 5.8 percentage points (p < 0.001)
36.7% of participants achieved the primary composite endpoint
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Continuous glucose monitoring and Composite endpoint achievement, HbA1c, Time above range, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Continuous glucose monitoring
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Related topics
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Evidence pairs
578
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Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Continuous glucose monitoring → Composite endpoint achievement
Continuous glucose monitoring → Composite endpoint achievement
Continuous glucose monitoring → Time above range
Continuous glucose monitoring → Time above range
Continuous glucose monitoring → Time below range
Continuous glucose monitoring → Time below range
Continuous glucose monitoring → Time in range
Continuous glucose monitoring → Time in range
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and CGM Time in Range, Insulin Delivery Systems and HbA1c.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Devices & Technology
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies measuring CGM Time in Range
Measures CGM Time in Range as a key outcome.
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
Contributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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6 results
7 results
6 results
6 results
7 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve CGM Time in Range.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.4 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Time below range
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Time above range
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 78.6 | weak negative | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 17 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Insulin Delivery Systems appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.3 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 13 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Continuous glucose monitoring for Composite endpoint achievement.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Composite endpoint achievement
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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