Last updated September 9, 2026
Key finding
TIR was 34.7% for milk, significantly lower than control (75.5%) (p < 0.001).
This study examined the effects of bedtime snacking on nocturnal glycemia in young children with type 1 diabetes, finding that all snacks impaired time in range compared to no snack.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study examined the effects of bedtime snacking on nocturnal glycemia in young children with type 1 diabetes, finding that all snacks impaired time in range compared to no snack.
These findings are crucial for managing type 1 diabetes in children, as they suggest that bedtime snacking can lead to poorer blood sugar control during the night. Clinicians and caregivers should consider these results when advising on dietary habits for children with diabetes, as maintaining optimal glycemic control is vital for long-term health.
The study included a limited sample size, which may affect generalizability. Only specific types of snacks were tested, limiting broader dietary conclusions. The study did not assess long-term effects of bedtime snacking on glycemic control.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Tuğba G, Kağan EK, Gül YM, et al. Bedtime snacking in young children with type 1 diabetes impairs nocturnal glycemia. Nutrition & Diabetes. 2025;15:49. doi:10.1038/s41387-025-00392-9
Time in range (TIR) was 34.7% for milk, significantly lower than control (75.5%) (p < 0.001).
Time in range (TIR) was 38.7% for yoghurt, significantly lower than control (75.5%) (p < 0.001).
Time in range (TIR) was 45.9% for kefir, significantly lower than control (75.5%) (p < 0.001).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Bedtime snack (kefir), Bedtime snack (milk), Bedtime snack (yoghurt), and 1 more and Hyperglycemia events, Hypoglycemia events, Time below range, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Bedtime snack (kefir)
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
2
Related topics
16
Evidence pairs
581
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Bedtime snack (kefir) → Hyperglycemia events
Bedtime snack (kefir) → Hyperglycemia events
Bedtime snack (kefir) → Hypoglycemia events
Bedtime snack (kefir) → Hypoglycemia events
Bedtime snack (milk) → Hyperglycemia events
Bedtime snack (milk) → Hyperglycemia events
Bedtime snack (milk) → Hypoglycemia events
Bedtime snack (milk) → Hypoglycemia events
Bedtime snack (yoghurt) → Hyperglycemia events
Bedtime snack (yoghurt) → Hyperglycemia events
Bedtime snack (yoghurt) → Hypoglycemia events
Bedtime snack (yoghurt) → Hypoglycemia events
Bedtime snack (yoghurt) → Time below range
Bedtime snack (yoghurt) → Time below range
Control (no snack) → Hyperglycemia events
Control (no snack) → Hyperglycemia events
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Bedtime snack (kefir) and Hyperglycemia events, Bedtime snack (kefir) and Hypoglycemia.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on Bedtime snack (kefir)
Contributes to Bedtime snack (kefir) evidence base.
All studies measuring Hyperglycemia events
Measures Hyperglycemia events as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia
Measures Hypoglycemia as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Control (no snack) appears to improve time in range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Bedtime snack (kefir) for hyperglycemia events.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Hyperglycemia events
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Bedtime snack (kefir) for time below range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time below range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Bedtime snack (milk) for hyperglycemia events.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Hyperglycemia events
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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