Last updated July 18, 2026
Key finding
The intervention group showed significant improvements in self-care behaviors compared to the control group (p < 0.001).
This study evaluated a digital educational intervention based on Orem's Self-Care Theory for patients with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in self-care behaviors, self-efficacy, and HbA1c levels.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated a digital educational intervention based on Orem's Self-Care Theory for patients with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in self-care behaviors, self-efficacy, and HbA1c levels.
Improving self-care behaviors and self-efficacy in patients with Type 2 diabetes is crucial for better disease management and outcomes. This study highlights the potential of digital interventions to empower patients, ultimately leading to better control of blood sugar levels and reduced complications associated with diabetes.
The study design was non-randomized, which may introduce bias. Sample size and demographic diversity were not specified, limiting generalizability. Effectiveness measures were not clearly defined for all outcomes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Ghorbanali J, Fatemeh Z, Fazlollah G. Effect of a Digital Educational Intervention Based on Orem's Self-Care Theory on Improving Self-Care Behaviors, Self-Efficacy, and HbA1c Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. BMC Primary Care. 2026;27:210. doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03326-1
The intervention group showed a significant improvement in self-care behaviors (2.23 score increase, p < 0.001).
There was a notable increase in self-efficacy among the intervention group (1.49 score increase, p < 0.001).
The intervention led to a significant reduction in HbA1c levels (-0.82% decrease, p < 0.001).
Improvements in self-care requisites were also significant in the intervention group (1.45 score increase, p < 0.001).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Diabetes self-care exercise score, Diabetes self-management behaviors, Exercise self-efficacy, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
4
Related topics
4
Evidence pairs
644
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Save studies and evidence pages, organize your personal Evidence Tracker, and keep the research you care about in one place.
Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-care exercise score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-care exercise score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Exercise self-efficacy
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Exercise self-efficacy
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → HbA1c
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → HbA1c
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy, Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and HbA1c.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Contributes to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care evidence base.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
4 results
4 results
4 results
4 results
4 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Diabetes self-management behaviors.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes self-management behaviors
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 75.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 74.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Exercise self-efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Exercise self-efficacy
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Diabetes self-care exercise score.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes self-care exercise score
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Next steps
Choose a next path through related evidence topics, Evidence Explorer views, and research summaries.
Follow the topics this study contributes to.
Open broader Evidence Explorer views for this relationship.
Read related research summaries.
Focused on evidence, not advertising.
Your data is always protected.
New studies added every day.
