Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Exenatide improves glycemic control and reduces weight in T2DM patients
Last updated September 12, 2026
Key finding
Mean blood glucose level significantly decreased (P < 0.01).
This study compared exenatide and insulin glargine in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin, finding significant reductions in blood glucose levels with both treatments.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study compared exenatide and insulin glargine in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin, finding significant reductions in blood glucose levels with both treatments.
Clinical relevance
Effective management of blood glucose levels is crucial for patients with Type 2 diabetes to prevent complications. This study highlights the potential of exenatide and insulin glargine as viable treatment options for patients who do not achieve adequate control with metformin alone, thereby expanding therapeutic choices for healthcare providers.
Keep in mind
Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics Potential for unmeasured confounders affecting outcomes Short duration of study may not capture long-term effects
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Ting-Ting Y, Yan B, Ping L, et al. Exenatide versus Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled by Metformin. Diabetes Therapy. 2018;9(3):1253-1267. doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0412-6
Main Effects
Mean blood glucose level significantly decreased (P < 0.01)
Percentage of time blood glucose > 10.0 mmol/L significantly decreased (P < 0.01)
Waist circumference significantly decreased (P < 0.05)
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Exenatide, Insulin therapy and 1/HOMA-IR, Amplitude, Blood glucose, and 8 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Exenatide
Primary outcomes
- 1/HOMA-IR
- Amplitude
- Blood glucose
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
16
Evidence pairs
16
Relationships
9
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
9
Related topics
16
Evidence pairs
2318
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 16 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 9 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Therapies and HbA1c
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and HbA1c
Save evidence
Evidence relationship
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Fasting Glucose
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Exenatide → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Exenatide → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerImprovement in glycaemic values
Exenatide → Improvement in glycaemic values
Exenatide → Improvement in glycaemic values
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerMean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE)
Exenatide → Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE)
Exenatide → Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerPercentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
Exenatide → Percentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
Exenatide → Percentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerStandard deviation of glucose
Exenatide → Standard deviation of glucose
Exenatide → Standard deviation of glucose
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 78
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Insulin therapy → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Insulin therapy → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 81
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 63
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 8 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- Mean blood glucose decreased by -1.45 mmol/L (p < 0.001)
- Continuous overlapping net glycemic action decreased significantly (p < 0.01)
- Fasting blood glucose decreased significantly in both groups (p < 0.01–0.05)
Who this applies to
- Adults with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin
- Patients seeking alternative treatment options for diabetes management
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to populations outside the study's demographics
- Short-term results may not reflect long-term efficacy or safety
- Further studies needed to compare long-term outcomes of both treatments
Between the Lines
- Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics
- Potential for unmeasured confounders affecting outcomes
- Short duration of study may not capture long-term effects
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Therapies and HbA1c, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Fasting Glucose.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
Insulin Therapies → HbA1c
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 85
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 81
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 63
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 8 studies
View evidenceMedications
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists → Fasting Glucose
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
8 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Insulin Therapies Evidence Hub
All studies on Insulin Therapies
8 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Insulin Therapies evidence base.
Fasting Glucose Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Evidence Hub
All studies on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
3 studies
intervention_hubContributes to GLP-1 Receptor Agonists evidence base.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Insulin therapy and HbA1c
Intervention: Insulin therapyOutcome: HbA1c
8 results
All studies on Exenatide and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Intervention: ExenatideOutcome: Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
3 results
All studies on Insulin therapy
Intervention: Insulin therapy
8 results
All studies on Exenatide
Intervention: Exenatide
3 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
8 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Do Insulin Therapies lower HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Therapies may lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 85.2 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 19 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Do GLP-1 Receptor Agonists lower HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists appear to lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 45 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Do GLP-1 Receptor Agonists improve fasting glucose?
Strong Evidence
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists may improve fasting glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
- 2
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 18 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Do Insulin Therapies improve fasting glucose?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Therapies may improve fasting glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
- 2
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 78.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 10 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Next steps
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