Last updated July 18, 2026
Key finding
Significant improvements were observed in self-efficacy in the intervention group.
Orem’s Self-Care Model-based program improved glycemic control and psychosocial self-care in Palestinian children with T1DM.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
Orem’s Self-Care Model-based program improved glycemic control and psychosocial self-care in Palestinian children with T1DM.
These findings highlight the importance of self-care education in managing Type 1 Diabetes among children. Improved self-efficacy and diabetes management can lead to better health outcomes, reducing complications associated with high blood sugar levels. This approach could be beneficial in similar populations.
The study design was non-randomized, which may introduce bias. Sample size and demographic limitations may affect generalizability. Effectiveness measures were unclear for some outcomes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Lo’ai A, Candan O. Orem’s Self-Care Model significantly enhances glycemic control and psychosocial self-care capacities among Palestinian children with T1DM. BMC Medical Education. 2026;26:539. doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08520-w
Self-efficacy significantly improved in the intervention group.
Diabetes self-management showed significant enhancements in the intervention group.
Quality of life significantly improved in the intervention group.
HbA1c decreased from 14.0% to 10.7% (p = 0.001) in the intervention group.
HbA1c levels in the control group changed from 13.4% to 12.5% (p = 0.306), indicating no significant difference.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Diabetes self-management behaviors, Exercise self-efficacy, HbA1c, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
4
Related topics
4
Evidence pairs
644
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Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Exercise self-efficacy
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Exercise self-efficacy
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → HbA1c
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → HbA1c
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Quality of life
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Quality of life
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy, Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and HbA1c.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Contributes to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care evidence base.
All studies measuring Quality of Life Outcomes
Measures Quality of Life Outcomes as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
4 results
4 results
4 results
4 results
4 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Diabetes self-management behaviors.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes self-management behaviors
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 75.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 74.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Exercise self-efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Exercise self-efficacy
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Quality of life.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Quality of life
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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