Last updated July 6, 2026
Key finding
HOMA-IR decreased by 0.66 from baseline to 12 weeks (p=0.006).
Probiotic supplementation significantly improved insulin resistance and other metabolic markers in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
Probiotic supplementation significantly improved insulin resistance and other metabolic markers in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis.
These findings suggest that probiotics could be a beneficial adjunct therapy for managing diabetes in patients undergoing hemodialysis, potentially leading to improved metabolic health and reduced complications associated with diabetes and kidney disease.
Limited sample size may affect generalizability. Short duration of the study limits long-term conclusions. Lack of detailed demographic data on participants.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Alexander M, John RA, Usharani P, Raja KK, Padmaja M, Imran K. Probiotic Supplementation Improves Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Patients on Hemodialysis. Cureus. 2024;16(11):e74621. doi:10.7759/cureus.74621
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) decreased by 0.66 in the probiotic group (p=0.006).
Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased by 0.92 μmol/L in the probiotic group (p=0.001).
Nitric oxide (NO) increased by 6.16 μmol/L in the probiotic group (p=0.004).
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Multispecies probiotic supplementation and Fasting blood sugar (FBS), Glutathione (GSH), HbA1c, and 3 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Multispecies probiotic supplementation
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence relationship
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Glutathione (GSH)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Glutathione (GSH)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Insulin resistance
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Insulin resistance
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Nitric Oxide (NO)
Multispecies probiotic supplementation → Nitric Oxide (NO)
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Probiotics and Synbiotics and HbA1c, Probiotics and Synbiotics and Oxidative Stress Markers.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Probiotics and Synbiotics
Contributes to Probiotics and Synbiotics evidence base.
All studies measuring Oxidative Stress Markers
Measures Oxidative Stress Markers as a key outcome.
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Published within the last 2 years.
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3 results
2 results
3 results
3 results
2 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Probiotics and Synbiotics appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 11 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Probiotics and Synbiotics may improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 12 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Probiotics and Synbiotics may improve Insulin Resistance.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
Probiotics and Synbiotics appears to improve Oxidative Stress Markers.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Malondialdehyde (MDA)
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a small number of supporting studies and should be interpreted cautiously.
Limitations
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