Last updated September 1, 2026
Key finding
GFR decreased by 2.2 ± 5.2 ml/min after treatment (p = 0.020).
This study investigated the impact of nitric oxide activity on kidney blood flow in type 2 diabetes patients, revealing significant changes in renal function metrics.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the impact of nitric oxide activity on kidney blood flow in type 2 diabetes patients, revealing significant changes in renal function metrics.
Understanding how these therapies affect kidney function is crucial for managing diabetes, as kidney health is often compromised in diabetic patients. The findings may guide clinicians in selecting appropriate treatments to preserve renal function and prevent complications associated with diabetes.
The study had a limited sample size. Results may not be generalizable to all populations with type 2 diabetes. Long-term effects of the treatments were not assessed.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Merve G, Agnes B, Kristina S, Mario S, Roland ES, Dennis K. The influence of nitric oxide activity on renal hemodynamics in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney International Reports. 2025;10(10):3332-3339. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2025.07.023
GFR decreased by 2.2 ± 5.2 ml/min after treatment (p = 0.020).
RVR decreased significantly after treatment (p = 0.001).
R E decreased significantly after treatment (p = 0.001).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy, Insulin therapy and Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF), Change in Renal Vascular Resistance (RVR), Estimated glomerular filtration rate, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
32
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence topic
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Intervention
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Change in Renal Vascular Resistance (RVR)
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Change in Renal Vascular Resistance (RVR)
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Left atrial contractile strain (LASct_AC)
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Left atrial contractile strain (LASct_AC)
Insulin therapy → Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
Insulin therapy → Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
Insulin therapy → Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Insulin therapy → Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Insulin therapy → Left atrial contractile strain (LASct_AC)
Insulin therapy → Left atrial contractile strain (LASct_AC)
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Therapies and Kidney Function, Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy and Kidney Function.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on Insulin Therapies
Contributes to Insulin Therapies evidence base.
All studies measuring Kidney Function
Measures Kidney Function as a key outcome.
All studies on Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy
Contributes to Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy evidence base.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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2 results
1 results
2 results
1 results
2 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Insulin Therapies may improve kidney function.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy appears to improve change in renal vascular resistance (RVR).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Change in Renal Vascular Resistance (RVR)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Insulin therapy appears to improve change in renal plasma flow (RPF).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy for change in renal plasma flow (RPF).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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