Last updated July 6, 2026
Key finding
HOMA-IR decreased from 29.09 ± 36.56 to 16.54 ± 7.81 (P = 0.027)
This study investigated the effects of Vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance and triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes and found significant improvements.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of Vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance and triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes and found significant improvements.
Improving insulin resistance and triglyceride levels is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes, as these factors are linked to cardiovascular health and overall metabolic function. The findings suggest that Vitamin K4 could be a beneficial adjunct therapy for individuals struggling to control their diabetes.
Limited sample size may affect generalizability Short duration of 24 weeks might not capture long-term effects No significant changes in fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Amani MA, Maggie MA, Nirmeen AS, May F, Shrook M. Vitamin K4 supplementation for 24 weeks is capable of improving insulin resistance and TG levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Nutrition. 2023;62(8):3241-3249. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03215-8
HOMA-IR decreased from 29.09 to 16.54 (P = 0.027)
Fasting serum insulin decreased from 11.13 to 6.86 μU/ml (P = 0.032)
Triglycerides decreased from 172.8 to 144.94 mg/dl (P = 0.031)
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and Diabetes medication use change, Fasting insulin levels, Insulin resistance, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Vitamin D supplementation
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
875
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Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Vitamin D supplementation → Diabetes medication use change
Vitamin D supplementation → Diabetes medication use change
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting insulin levels
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting insulin levels
Vitamin D supplementation → Insulin resistance
Vitamin D supplementation → Insulin resistance
Vitamin D supplementation → Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Vitamin D supplementation → Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and HbA1c, Vitamin D supplementation and Insulin Resistance.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
Contributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.
All studies measuring Insulin Resistance
Measures Insulin Resistance as a key outcome.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
5 results
4 results
5 results
5 results
4 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Vitamin D supplementation may improve Fasting insulin levels.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting insulin levels
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Vitamin D supplementation may improve Insulin resistance.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Triglycerides.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Triglycerides
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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