HarmfulIncrease
Diabetes medication use change
Vitamin D supplementation → Diabetes medication use change
Vitamin D supplementation → Diabetes medication use change
Evidence profile
HarmfulIncreaseAdherence & Engagement
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Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Vitamin K4 improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes
Key finding
HOMA-IR decreased from 29.09 ± 36.56 to 16.54 ± 7.81 (P = 0.027)
This study investigated the effects of Vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance and triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes and found significant improvements.
Evidence strength
Moderate confidence
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Some Concerns bias
Last updated July 6, 2026Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
Population
Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Male, Female, Asia-Pacific (APAC), with T2 Diabetes
Intervention
Vitamin K4 supplementation, Placebo
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Primary outcome
Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
Comparator
Placebo group
Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of Vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance and triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes and found significant improvements.
Clinical relevance
Improving insulin resistance and triglyceride levels is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes, as these factors are linked to cardiovascular health and overall metabolic function. The findings suggest that Vitamin K4 could be a beneficial adjunct therapy for individuals struggling to control their diabetes.
Keep in mind
Limited sample size may affect generalizability Short duration of 24 weeks might not capture long-term effects No significant changes in fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Amani MA, Maggie MA, Nirmeen AS, May F, Shrook M. Vitamin K4 supplementation for 24 weeks is capable of improving insulin resistance and TG levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Nutrition. 2023;62(8):3241-3249. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03215-8
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Main Effects
HOMA-IR decreased from 29.09 to 16.54 (P = 0.027)
Fasting serum insulin decreased from 11.13 to 6.86 μU/ml (P = 0.032)
Triglycerides decreased from 172.8 to 144.94 mg/dl (P = 0.031)
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and Diabetes medication use change, Fasting insulin levels, Insulin resistance, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Vitamin D supplementation
Primary outcomes
- Diabetes medication use change
- Fasting insulin levels
- Insulin resistance
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
5
Evidence pairs
5
Relationships
3
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
3
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
355
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 5 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 3 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
StrongDecrease
Fasting insulin levels
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting insulin levels
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting insulin levels
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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StrongDecrease
Insulin resistance
Vitamin D supplementation → Insulin resistance
Vitamin D supplementation → Insulin resistance
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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StrongDecrease
Triglycerides
Vitamin D supplementation → Triglycerides
Vitamin D supplementation → Triglycerides
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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StrongDecrease
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Vitamin D supplementation → Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Vitamin D supplementation → Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseMetabolic Health
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Evidence Suggest
- 35.6% of Vitamin K group reduced medication doses vs. 13.3% in placebo (P = 0.029)
- VLDL decreased from 34.6 to 28.9 mg/dl (P = 0.027)
- Fasting serum insulin decreased by 4.27 μU/ml (P = 0.032)
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
- Individuals struggling with insulin resistance and high triglyceride levels
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to populations outside the study sample
- Further research is needed to confirm long-term benefits
- The study did not assess dietary or lifestyle factors that could influence outcomes
Between the Lines
- Limited sample size may affect generalizability
- Short duration of 24 weeks might not capture long-term effects
- No significant changes in fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and HbA1c, Vitamin D supplementation and Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ArchiveThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Included in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
5 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Vitamin D supplementation Evidence Hub
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
5 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.
Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers as a key outcome.
Explore more in the evidence archive
Jump to pre-filtered views in the evidence archive.
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and HbA1c
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: HbA1c
5 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Triglycerides
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Triglycerides
1 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementation
5 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
5 results
All studies measuring Triglycerides
Outcome: Triglycerides
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve triglycerides?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Triglycerides.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Triglycerides
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.9 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve very low-density lipoproteins (vldl)?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.9 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve fasting insulin levels?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may improve Fasting insulin levels.
ConsensusScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Fasting insulin levels
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 48.8 | weak positive | ConsensusScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve insulin resistance?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may improve Insulin resistance.
ConsensusScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 48.8 | weak positive | ConsensusScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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