Last updated August 18, 2026
Key finding
The mean HbA1c level decreased from 8.61 ± 1.70 to 7.92 ± 1.60 after implementing the WhatsApp group instructions.
Instructional WhatsApp group on self-care and HbA1c levels among female patients with type 2 diabetes.
Quick read
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EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
Instructional WhatsApp group on self-care and HbA1c levels among female patients with type 2 diabetes.
This study evaluated Instructional WhatsApp group on self-care and HbA1c levels among female patients with type 2 diabetes.
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Riham SA, Asmaa HK, Hayfa A, Nimesh L. Effect of an Instructional WhatsApp Group on Self-Care and HbA1c Levels Among Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PLOS ONE. 2024;19(9):e0305845. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305845
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Blood glucose, HbA1c.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Evidence pairs
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Blood glucose
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Blood glucose
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → HbA1c
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → HbA1c
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and HbA1c, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Fasting Glucose.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
Contributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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5 results
2 results
5 results
5 results
2 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 17 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 82.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 33 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
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