Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 1 diabetes, 2 studies with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Standard Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants used the AHCL algorithm in the Medtronic MiniMed insulin pump for 6 months.

Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Therapy

Participants in the intervention arm used the AHCL algorithm in the Medtronic MiniMed™ insulin pump for 6 months.

Participants in the control arm continued their usual treatment.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: age group conflict.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

AHCL therapy improves glucose levels but increases diabetes distress in youth

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

MDI therapy

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: sample_size.

Patients treated with the Android‐HCL therapy for type 1 diabetes.

HCL therapy

The intraday glucose fluctuation (especially after lunch, before sleep, and during sleep) of the Android‐HCL system was significantly superior to that of the sequential multi‐injection insulin therapy.

Patients treated with multiple injections of insulin.

Compared with MDI, HCL had a higher overall TIR ( p < 0.05), lower TAR, TBR, and average blood glucose.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes

Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)

Participants used the DiaCon system in AIGD mode during the study.

Automated Insulin-Glucagon Delivery (AIGD)

In a 33‐h, randomised, crossover, inpatient study, 13 participants with type 1 diabetes used the DiaCon system in AIGD and AID modes.

Participants used the DiaCon system in AID mode during the study.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing timepoint.

Automated insulin-glucagon delivery reduces hypoglycemia risk

CSII + CGM

Participants received 6 weeks of closed-loop therapy first.

Closed-loop therapy

The randomized, controlled, crossover, two-period, open-label, and multicenter study was conducted from August 2022 to July 2023 in 17 individuals (9 to receive 6 weeks of CSII + CGM first and 8 to receive 6 weeks of closed-loop therapy first).

Participants received 6 weeks of CSII + CGM first.

Closed-loop therapy enhances glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Conventional insulin pump therapy

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants received treatment with a dual-hormone artificial pancreas system.

Dual-hormone artificial pancreas

The time In target, time between 4.0–10.0 mmol/L, time above 8.0 mmol/L, time above 10.0 mmol/L, and plasma glucose concentrations are all nearly identical in both studies for the three arms.

Participants received treatment with a single-hormone artificial pancreas system.

Single-hormone artificial pancreas

Participants received standard care with a conventional insulin pump.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Cloud platform improves algorithm testing for type 1 diabetes

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: sample_size, arms, comparator.

Hybrid closed-loop system improves glycemic control in neonatal diabetes.

Standard clinical practice

Participants received a hybrid follow-up program incorporating telemedicine consultations alongside face-to-face visits.

Hybrid Telemedicine Group

Participants assigned to the intervention arm had face-to-face visits at months 0, 6, and 12. Additionally, they had remote telemedicine consultations through the smartphone app at months 3 and 9.

Participants received conventional face-to-face follow-up care following standard clinical practice.

Participants were enrolled either in a hybrid follow-up program... or in conventional face-to-face follow-up care following a standard clinical practice.

Hybrid telemedicine improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes

Participants received the open-source hybrid closed-loop AID system.

Closed-loop group

Participants were randomly assigned to the open-source hybrid closed-loop automated insulin delivery (AID) group (closed-loop group) or the control group.

Participants received conventional insulin pump therapy.

In the control group, participants received conventional insulin pump therapy with the same devices.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Open-source AID improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes during surgery

Pump Therapy with CGM

Participants used the Omnipod 5 AID System for 13 weeks.

Tubeless AID System

In the intervention group, participants were trained on and used the Omnipod 5 AID System.

Participants continued using their usual insulin pump with a Dexcom G6 CGM.

In the control group, each participant continued using their usual insulin pump with a Dexcom G6 CGM.

Tubeless AID system improves glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 of 2 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

3 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

4 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Hybrid closed-loop system × Time in range

Available supporting studies