Last updated May 15, 2026
Key finding
In a pre-post study of 436 Italian school staff, a 1-hour synchronous online psychoeducational session improved type 1 diabetes knowledge, confidence in diabetes management, and recognition of hypoglycemia symptoms immediately after training.
This study tested a 1-hour live online training session for school staff on type 1 diabetes. Staff knowledge and confidence scores improved right after the session, and participants reported better ability to recognize low blood sugar symptoms. Because there was no control group and only immediate follow-up, longer-term effects are uncertain.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
non-randomized clinical trial (non-RCT or NRCT)
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
In a pre-post study of 436 Italian school staff, a 1-hour synchronous online psychoeducational session improved type 1 diabetes knowledge, confidence in diabetes management, and recognition of hypoglycemia symptoms immediately after training.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Caldarelli G, Troncone A, Chianese A, et al. Evaluation of the Impact of a Psychoeducational Program on Type 1 Diabetes in Italian Schools: A Pre-Post Study. J Sch Health. 2026;96(5):e70141. doi:10.1111/josh.70141
↑ Type 1 diabetes knowledge score increased from 9.66 to 10.32/11
↑ Self-perceived diabetes management ability increased (d=0.99)
↑ Ability to recognize hypoglycemia symptoms improved (d=0.97)
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff and Diabetes management self-efficacy, Diabetes-related misconceptions, Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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4
Evidence pairs
143
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Diabetes management self-efficacy
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Diabetes management self-efficacy
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Diabetes-related misconceptions
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Diabetes-related misconceptions
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Type 1 diabetes knowledge score
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff → Type 1 diabetes knowledge score
Evidence Library
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School staff members (teachers, principals, and nonteaching personnel) in schools attended by children with type 1 diabetes, primarily in Southern Italy.
The intervention was short and measured only immediate effects. Results may not reflect sustained behavior change. Because schools volunteered and staff self-selected participation, findings may overrepresent people already motivated to learn about diabetes care.
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Diabetes-related misconceptions, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
Contributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
All studies measuring Diabetes-related misconceptions
Measures Diabetes-related misconceptions as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability
Measures Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability as a key outcome.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs appears to improve Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes management self-efficacy
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 10 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff appears to improve Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Hypoglycemia symptom recognition ability
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff for Diabetes-related misconceptions.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes-related misconceptions
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.6 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staff for Type 1 diabetes knowledge score.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Type 1 diabetes knowledge score
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 52.6 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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