Last updated September 3, 2026
Key finding
C-HIIT significantly improved relative flow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared with CON (mean difference [MD] 0.8% [0.1, 1.4], p = 0.025).
This study examined the effects of low-volume combined aerobic and resistance high-intensity interval training on vascular health in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in flow-mediated dilation with C-HIIT.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
This study examined the effects of low-volume combined aerobic and resistance high-intensity interval training on vascular health in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in flow-mediated dilation with C-HIIT.
Improving vascular health is crucial for individuals with type 2 diabetes, as it can reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. The findings suggest that incorporating high-intensity interval training could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing vascular function in this population, while moderate continuous training may be more effective for long-term arterial health.
The study did not include a diverse population, limiting generalizability. Only short-term effects were measured for some outcomes. Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Emily RC, Trishan G, Shelley EK, et al. Effects of Low-Volume Combined Aerobic and Resistance High-Intensity Interval Training on Vascular Health in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2024;124(9):2819-2833. doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05473-8
C-HIIT significantly improved relative flow-mediated dilation (MD 0.8%, p = 0.025) compared to CON.
C-MICT showed a similar but non-significant change in relative flow-mediated dilation (MD 0.8%, p = 0.080).
C-MICT resulted in a significantly greater reduction in cfPWV over 12 months compared to C-HIIT (p = 0.018).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to High-intensity interval exercise, Moderate continuous exercise and Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP), Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
High-intensity interval exercise
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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10
Evidence pairs
161
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
High-intensity interval exercise → Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP)
High-intensity interval exercise → Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP)
High-intensity interval exercise → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
High-intensity interval exercise → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
High-intensity interval exercise → Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)
High-intensity interval exercise → Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)
High-intensity interval exercise → cfPWV Reduction Over 12 Months
High-intensity interval exercise → cfPWV Reduction Over 12 Months
High-intensity interval exercise → Haemodynamic Indices
High-intensity interval exercise → Haemodynamic Indices
Moderate continuous exercise → Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP)
Moderate continuous exercise → Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP)
Moderate continuous exercise → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
Moderate continuous exercise → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
Moderate continuous exercise → Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)
Moderate continuous exercise → Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)
Moderate continuous exercise → cfPWV Reduction Over 12 Months
Moderate continuous exercise → cfPWV Reduction Over 12 Months
Moderate continuous exercise → Haemodynamic Indices
Moderate continuous exercise → Haemodynamic Indices
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on High-intensity interval exercise and Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP), High-intensity interval exercise and Cardiovascular Outcomes.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP)
Measures Aortic Reservoir Pressure (ARP) as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Cardiovascular Outcomes
Measures Cardiovascular Outcomes as a key outcome.
All studies on High-intensity interval exercise
Contributes to High-intensity interval exercise evidence base.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Aerobic Exercise may improve cardiovascular outcomes.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
High-intensity interval exercise appears to improve brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
High-intensity interval exercise appears to reduce cfpwv reduction over 12 months.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
cfPWV Reduction Over 12 Months
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Moderate continuous exercise appears to reduce cfpwv reduction over 12 months.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
cfPWV Reduction Over 12 Months
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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