Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Calcitriol may reduce kidney injury in early diabetic kidney disease
Last updated September 10, 2026
Key finding
Urinary nephrin levels decreased in the calcitriol group.
This study evaluated the effects of calcitriol supplementation on kidney injury biomarkers in patients with early diabetic kidney disease, finding decreased urinary nephrin and KIM-1 levels.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effects of calcitriol supplementation on kidney injury biomarkers in patients with early diabetic kidney disease, finding decreased urinary nephrin and KIM-1 levels.
Clinical relevance
The findings are significant as they suggest that calcitriol could be a beneficial intervention for patients with early diabetic kidney disease, potentially slowing the progression of kidney injury. By reducing biomarkers associated with kidney damage, calcitriol may help in managing diabetes-related kidney complications, which are a leading cause of morbidity in diabetic patients.
Keep in mind
The study had a limited sample size, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. The variability in podocin levels was not clearly defined, limiting interpretation. The follow-up duration may not have been sufficient to assess long-term effects.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Pringgodigdo N, Aida L, Pradana S, et al. Effects of Calcitriol Supplementation on Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Patients with Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of Medicine. 2025;57(1):2577271. doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2577271
Main Effects
Urinary nephrin levels decreased by 326 ng/mL (p = 0.006) in the calcitriol group.
KIM-1 levels decreased by 1.6 pg/mL (p = 0.006) in the calcitriol group.
IL-6 levels showed lower increases in the calcitriol group, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effects.
The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) decreased in the calcitriol group, though not statistically significant (p = 0.099).
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Calcitriol and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Podocin, Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Calcitriol
Primary outcomes
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
- Podocin
- Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
5
Evidence pairs
5
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 63
1
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
89
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 5 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
Inflammatory and Vascular Markers
matched_outcome
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerUrinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Calcitriol → Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Calcitriol → Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerUrinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)
Calcitriol → Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)
Calcitriol → Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Evidence Suggest
- Calcitriol reduced urinary nephrin levels significantly (p = 0.006).
- KIM-1 levels decreased significantly with calcitriol (p = 0.006).
- UACR showed a non-significant decrease in the calcitriol group (p = 0.099).
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with early diabetic kidney disease.
- Patients experiencing early signs of kidney injury related to diabetes.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not be applicable to patients with advanced kidney disease.
- Further studies are needed to confirm long-term benefits of calcitriol.
- The variability in some outcomes suggests caution in interpretation.
Between the Lines
- The study had a limited sample size, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.
- The variability in podocin levels was not clearly defined, limiting interpretation.
- The follow-up duration may not have been sufficient to assess long-term effects.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Calcitriol and Inflammatory Markers, Calcitriol and Podocin.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
Calcitriol → Inflammatory Markers
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceMedications
Calcitriol → Podocin
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Calcitriol Evidence Hub
All studies on Calcitriol
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Calcitriol evidence base.
Inflammatory Markers Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Inflammatory Markers
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Inflammatory Markers as a key outcome.
Podocin Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Podocin
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Podocin as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Calcitriol and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Intervention: CalcitriolOutcome: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
1 results
All studies on Calcitriol and Podocin
Intervention: CalcitriolOutcome: Podocin
1 results
All studies on Calcitriol
Intervention: Calcitriol
1 results
All studies measuring Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Outcome: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
1 results
All studies measuring Podocin
Outcome: Podocin
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Calcitriol improve interleukin-6 (IL-6)?
Emerging Evidence
Calcitriol appears to improve interleukin-6 (IL-6).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Calcitriol improve urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)?
Emerging Evidence
Calcitriol appears to improve urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Calcitriol improve urinary nephrin?
Emerging Evidence
Calcitriol appears to improve urinary nephrin.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Urinary nephrin
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Calcitriol improve podocin?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Calcitriol for podocin.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Podocin
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Next steps
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