Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Daily Kale Intake May Improve Health in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Last updated August 21, 2026
Key finding
HbA1c decreased by 1.368 ± 0.8591 in the intervention group compared to an increase of 1.364 ± 0.7894 in the control group.
This study evaluated the effects of daily intake of freeze-dried kale powder on health in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in HbA1c and insulin resistance.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effects of daily intake of freeze-dried kale powder on health in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in HbA1c and insulin resistance.
Clinical relevance
These findings suggest that incorporating freeze-dried kale powder into the diet could be a beneficial strategy for managing type 2 diabetes, potentially leading to improved health outcomes and reduced reliance on medication.
Keep in mind
Sample size and generalizability may be limited. No significant differences in total body fat mass were observed. The study did not measure long-term effects.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Per BJ, Amanda D, Yuan Y, et al. The Effects of Daily Intake of Freeze-Dried Kale Powder on Health in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2024;16(21):3641. doi:10.3390/nu16213641
Main Effects
HbA1c decreased by 1.368 mmol/mol in the intervention group (p = 0.04).
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) decreased by 0.95 in the intervention group (p = 0.03).
Body weight decreased significantly in the intervention group.
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Kale bar and Blood glucose, Body weight, Caloric intake, and 3 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Kale bar
Primary outcomes
- Blood glucose
- Body weight
- Caloric intake
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
6
Evidence pairs
6
Relationships
4
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
4
Related topics
6
Evidence pairs
1865
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 6 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 4 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
Fasting Blood Glucose
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Glycemic Control
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Evidence Suggest
- HbA1c decreased by 1.368 mmol/mol in the intervention group.
- Insulin resistance decreased by 0.95 in the kale group.
- Calorie intake also decreased significantly in the intervention group.
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
- Individuals looking for dietary interventions to manage blood sugar.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to all populations with diabetes.
- Further research is needed to confirm long-term effects.
- The study did not assess the impact on total body fat mass.
Between the Lines
- Sample size and generalizability may be limited.
- No significant differences in total body fat mass were observed.
- The study did not measure long-term effects.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Kale bar and Fasting Glucose, Kale bar and Body Weight.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
Kale bar → Fasting Glucose
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceDiet and Nutrition
Kale bar → Body Weight
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceDiet and Nutrition
Kale bar → Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers as a key outcome.
Body Weight Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Weight
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Weight as a key outcome.
Fasting Glucose Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
Kale bar Evidence Hub
All studies on Kale bar
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Kale bar evidence base.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Kale bar and Blood glucose
Intervention: Kale barOutcome: Blood glucose
1 results
All studies on Kale bar and Body weight
Intervention: Kale barOutcome: Body weight
1 results
All studies on Kale bar
Intervention: Kale bar
1 results
All studies measuring Blood glucose
Outcome: Blood glucose
1 results
All studies measuring Body weight
Outcome: Body weight
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Kale bar affect body weight?
Emerging Evidence
Kale bar appears to affect body weight.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Body weight
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Kale bar improve caloric intake?
Emerging Evidence
Kale bar appears to improve caloric intake.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Caloric intake
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Kale bar lower HbA1c?
Emerging Evidence
Kale bar appears to lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Kale bar improve insulin resistance?
Emerging Evidence
Kale bar appears to improve insulin resistance.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Next steps
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Evidence topics
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Related research
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Combination Therapy Reduces HbA1c and Weight in Type 2 DiabetesDietary interventions improve glycemic control in pre-diabetic patientsGA-guided therapy shows potential benefits for metabolic parameters in diabetesInsulin glargine plus metformin and glimepiride improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.Structured exercise improves metabolic health in prediabetic adults
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