Last updated September 2, 2026
Key finding
Daily protein intakes of ≥1.2 g/kg/day were associated with 6.9% greater TIR (p = 0.03).
The FLEX study aimed to identify nutritional strategies for managing glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes after exercise, finding that higher protein intake improved time in range and reduced time above range.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The FLEX study aimed to identify nutritional strategies for managing glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes after exercise, finding that higher protein intake improved time in range and reduced time above range.
These findings are significant for individuals with type 1 diabetes as they suggest that dietary adjustments, particularly increasing protein intake, can improve glycemic control after physical activity. This could lead to better overall health outcomes and quality of life for those managing diabetes.
Effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear due to limited data. The study's sample size and participant characteristics may limit generalizability. No data was provided on long-term effects of dietary changes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Franklin RM, Abbie ES, Jamie C, et al. Nutritional strategies are needed to aid people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in managing glycemia following exercise. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):1981. doi:10.3390/nu15081981
Daily protein intakes of ≥1.2 g/kg/day were associated with a 6.9% increase in percent time in range (TIR, p = 0.03).
Daily protein intakes of ≥1.2 g/kg/day were associated with an 8.0% decrease in percent time above range (TAR, p = 0.02).
No association was observed between post-exercise protein intake and percent time below range (TBR).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to FLEX behavioral self-management program and Time above range, Time below range, Time in range.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
FLEX behavioral self-management program
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
2
Related topics
3
Evidence pairs
642
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Save studies and evidence pages, organize your personal Evidence Tracker, and keep the research you care about in one place.
Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
FLEX behavioral self-management program → Time above range
FLEX behavioral self-management program → Time above range
FLEX behavioral self-management program → Time below range
FLEX behavioral self-management program → Time below range
FLEX behavioral self-management program → Time in range
FLEX behavioral self-management program → Time in range
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on FLEX behavioral self-management program and CGM Time in Range, FLEX behavioral self-management program and CGM Time in Range.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring CGM Time in Range
Measures CGM Time in Range as a key outcome.
All studies on FLEX behavioral self-management program
Contributes to FLEX behavioral self-management program evidence base.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
FLEX behavioral self-management program appears to improve time above range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time above range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
FLEX behavioral self-management program appears to improve time in range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of FLEX behavioral self-management program for time below range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time below range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Next steps
Choose a next path through related evidence topics, Evidence Explorer views, and research summaries.
Follow the topics this study contributes to.
Open broader Evidence Explorer views for this relationship.
Read related research summaries.
Focused on evidence, not advertising.
Your data is always protected.
New studies added every day.
