Last updated July 12, 2026
Key finding
HCL group had better diabetes-specific positive well-being than the standard therapy group (unadjusted: Δ=1.0, p=0.025).
This study compared diabetes-specific psychological outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes using hybrid closed-loop therapy versus standard therapy, finding that the hybrid approach led to improved well-being and reduced distress.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study compared diabetes-specific psychological outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes using hybrid closed-loop therapy versus standard therapy, finding that the hybrid approach led to improved well-being and reduced distress.
These findings suggest that hybrid closed-loop therapy may enhance the psychological well-being of individuals with type 1 diabetes, potentially leading to better overall management of their condition. By reducing diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycemia, this therapy could improve quality of life and adherence to diabetes management strategies.
The study did not assess long-term effects beyond 26 weeks. Findings may not be generalizable to all populations with type 1 diabetes. No improvements were observed in diabetes treatment satisfaction or quality of life.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Jennifer AH, Sienna R, Benjamin L, et al. Diabetes-specific psychological outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes using hybrid closed-loop versus standard therapy. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2024;12(6):e004428. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004428
HCL group had better diabetes-specific positive well-being (Δ=1.0, p=0.025).
HCL group experienced less diabetes distress (Δ=−6.4, p=0.039).
HCL group reported less fear of hypoglycemia (Δ=−0.8, p=0.034).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Hybrid closed-loop system, Insulin pump or multiple daily injections and Diabetes distress scores, Fear of hypoglycemia (worry), Improvement in Well-Being, and 6 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
9
Evidence pairs
75
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Hybrid closed-loop system → Diabetes distress scores
Hybrid closed-loop system → Diabetes distress scores
Hybrid closed-loop system → Fear of hypoglycemia (worry)
Hybrid closed-loop system → Fear of hypoglycemia (worry)
Hybrid closed-loop system → Improvement in Well-Being
Hybrid closed-loop system → Improvement in Well-Being
Hybrid closed-loop system → Parental Fear of Hypoglycemia
Hybrid closed-loop system → Parental Fear of Hypoglycemia
Hybrid closed-loop system → Perceived frequency of unacceptably high glucose levels
Hybrid closed-loop system → Perceived frequency of unacceptably high glucose levels
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Hypoglycemia symptom score
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Hypoglycemia symptom score
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Oxford Maternity Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction (OMDTSQ) score
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Oxford Maternity Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction (OMDTSQ) score
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Perceived frequency of unacceptably low glucose levels
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Perceived frequency of unacceptably low glucose levels
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Quality of life
Insulin pump or multiple daily injections → Quality of life
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and Diabetes distress scores, Insulin Delivery Systems and Improvement in Well-Being.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Devices & Technology
Devices & Technology
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Diabetes distress scores
Measures Diabetes distress scores as a key outcome.
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
Contributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
All studies measuring Improvement in Well-Being
Measures Improvement in Well-Being as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Quality of Life Outcomes
Measures Quality of Life Outcomes as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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3 results
2 results
3 results
3 results
2 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Hybrid closed-loop system may improve Diabetes distress scores.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes distress scores
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Hybrid closed-loop system appears to improve Improvement in Well-Being.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Improvement in Well-Being
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Hybrid closed-loop system appears to improve Parental Fear of Hypoglycemia.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Parental Fear of Hypoglycemia
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Hybrid closed-loop system for Fear of hypoglycemia (worry).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Fear of hypoglycemia (worry)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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