Last updated July 12, 2026
Key finding
The highest quartile of IGF-1 levels was associated with the lowest incidence of diabetes (HR:0.40 (95%CI:0.17–0.95), p = 0.037).
This study analyzed the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in hyperglycemic acute coronary syndrome patients, finding no independent association with major adverse cardiovascular events.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study analyzed the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in hyperglycemic acute coronary syndrome patients, finding no independent association with major adverse cardiovascular events.
Understanding the role of IGF-1 in cardiovascular health is crucial, especially for patients with acute coronary syndrome and hyperglycemia. The findings suggest that while IGF-1 may help in reducing diabetes risk, it does not appear to influence major cardiovascular events, which is important for guiding treatment strategies in this patient population.
The study's findings are based on post hoc analysis, which may limit the robustness of conclusions. The sample size and specific population may affect the generalizability of the results. Potential confounding factors were not fully accounted for, which could influence outcomes.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Cindya PI, Victor JVDB, Suat S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and cardiovascular outcomes in hyperglycemic acute coronary syndrome patients: a post hoc analysis of the BIOMArCS-2 study. Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research. 2021;18(6):14791641211047436. doi:10.1177/14791641211047436
IGF-1 was not independently associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (HR: 1.00, p = 0.29).
The highest quartile of IGF-1 levels was linked to a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes at discharge (HR: 0.40, p = 0.037).
IGF-1 levels showed no association with post-ACS myocardial infarct size and dysfunction.
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Intensive glycemic control and Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization), Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function, Type 2 diabetes incidence.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Intensive glycemic control
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
Follow evidence
Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Intensive glycemic control → Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)
Intensive glycemic control → Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)
Intensive glycemic control → Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function
Intensive glycemic control → Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function
Intensive glycemic control → Type 2 diabetes incidence
Intensive glycemic control → Type 2 diabetes incidence
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Saved this study
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Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Glycemic Control Treatments and Cardiovascular Outcomes, Glycemic Control Treatments and Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Procedures
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Cardiovascular Outcomes
Measures Cardiovascular Outcomes as a key outcome.
All studies on Glycemic Control Treatments
Contributes to Glycemic Control Treatments evidence base.
All studies measuring Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function
Measures Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function as a key outcome.
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2 results
1 results
2 results
2 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Glycemic Control Treatments may improve Cardiovascular Outcomes.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
Glycemic Control Treatments appears to improve Diabetes Incidence and Prevention.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Type 2 diabetes incidence
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Intensive glycemic control for Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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