Last updated July 12, 2026
Key finding
Time in range increased significantly from baseline to 1 and 3 months in the intervention group.
The Diabself-care Program, a nurse-led diabetes self-management intervention, significantly improved self-management adherence and reduced anxiety and depression scores in participants.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The Diabself-care Program, a nurse-led diabetes self-management intervention, significantly improved self-management adherence and reduced anxiety and depression scores in participants.
Improving self-management in diabetes patients is crucial for better health outcomes. The Diabself-care Program not only enhances diabetes control but also addresses mental health aspects, which are often overlooked. This dual benefit can lead to improved quality of life for individuals with diabetes.
The effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear due to limited evidence data. The study's generalizability may be limited by the specific population characteristics. Potential confounding factors were not fully accounted for in the analysis.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Rocío R, Manuel P, Shakira K, José AP, Daniele G. The Diabself-care Program: A Nurse-Led Structured Diabetes Self-Management Intervention. Healthcare. 2025;13(24):3197. doi:10.3390/healthcare13243197
Time in range increased significantly from baseline to 1 and 3 months in the intervention group.
Self-management adherence improved significantly in the intervention group (p < 0.001).
Anxiety scores decreased significantly in the intervention group at 1 and 3 months.
Depression scores decreased significantly in the intervention group at 1 and 3 months.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Anxiety score, Depression score, Diabetes self-management behaviors, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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4
Evidence pairs
1186
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence relationship
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Anxiety score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Anxiety score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Depression score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Depression score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Time in range
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Time in range
Evidence Library
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Mental Health.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
Contributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
All studies measuring Mental Health
Measures Mental Health as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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4 results
3 results
4 results
4 results
3 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs appear to improve diabetes management self-efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes self-management behaviors
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 19 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve mental health.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Depression score
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Anxiety score
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 12 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs appear to improve CGM Time in Range.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
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