Last updated July 12, 2026
Key finding
Time in range increased significantly from baseline to 1 and 3 months in the intervention group.
The Diabself-care Program, a nurse-led diabetes self-management intervention, significantly improved self-management adherence and reduced anxiety and depression scores in participants.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The Diabself-care Program, a nurse-led diabetes self-management intervention, significantly improved self-management adherence and reduced anxiety and depression scores in participants.
Improving self-management in diabetes patients is crucial for better health outcomes. The Diabself-care Program not only enhances diabetes control but also addresses mental health aspects, which are often overlooked. This dual benefit can lead to improved quality of life for individuals with diabetes.
The effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear due to limited evidence data. The study's generalizability may be limited by the specific population characteristics. Potential confounding factors were not fully accounted for in the analysis.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Rocío R, Manuel P, Shakira K, José AP, Daniele G. The Diabself-care Program: A Nurse-Led Structured Diabetes Self-Management Intervention. Healthcare. 2025;13(24):3197. doi:10.3390/healthcare13243197
Time in range increased significantly from baseline to 1 and 3 months in the intervention group.
Self-management adherence improved significantly in the intervention group (p < 0.001).
Anxiety scores decreased significantly in the intervention group at 1 and 3 months.
Depression scores decreased significantly in the intervention group at 1 and 3 months.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Anxiety score, Depression score, Diabetes self-management behaviors, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Related topics
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Evidence pairs
440
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Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Anxiety score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Anxiety score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Depression score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Depression score
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Diabetes self-management behaviors
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Time in range
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care → Time in range
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Mental Health, Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
All studies on Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care
Contributes to Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care evidence base.
All studies measuring Mental Health
Measures Mental Health as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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2 results
2 results
2 results
2 results
2 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care may improve Depression score.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Depression score
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care may improve Diabetes self-management behaviors.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes self-management behaviors
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 67.3 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Anxiety score.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Anxiety score
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care appears to improve Time in range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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