Last updated September 11, 2026
Key finding
RPE was higher after STA and STB than AE (p < 0.001).
This study explored perceived exertion and enjoyment during exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes, finding higher exertion ratings after strength training compared to aerobic training.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
This study explored perceived exertion and enjoyment during exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes, finding higher exertion ratings after strength training compared to aerobic training.
Understanding perceived exertion and enjoyment during exercise is crucial for developing effective exercise programs for individuals with type 1 diabetes. This study highlights that while strength training may feel more demanding, it does not negatively impact enjoyment or blood glucose management, which are important for adherence to exercise regimens.
The study's sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings. Only short-term effects on blood glucose were measured, not long-term outcomes. The study did not assess the impact of different exercise intensities on enjoyment.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
José AFG, Anthony RDV, José RADNJ, et al. Exploratory randomized crossover trial examining perceived exertion and enjoyment during exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2026;23(6):814. doi:10.3390/ijerph23060814
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were significantly higher after strength sessions A and B compared to aerobic interval training (p < 0.001).
Mean capillary blood glucose decreased significantly from pre- to post-exercise by -45.3 mg·dL -1.
Enjoyment of exercise was not associated with acute changes in capillary blood glucose levels.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to High-intensity interval exercise, Strength session A, Strength session B and Blood glucose, Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy, Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE).
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
High-intensity interval exercise
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
2
Related topics
9
Evidence pairs
886
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
High-intensity interval exercise → Blood glucose
High-intensity interval exercise → Blood glucose
High-intensity interval exercise → Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
High-intensity interval exercise → Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
High-intensity interval exercise → Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
High-intensity interval exercise → Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
Strength session A → Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
Strength session A → Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
Strength session A → Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
Strength session A → Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
Strength session B → Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
Strength session B → Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
Strength session B → Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
Strength session B → Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on High-intensity interval exercise and Fasting Glucose, High-intensity interval exercise and Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Physical Activity
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
All studies on High-intensity interval exercise
Contributes to High-intensity interval exercise evidence base.
All studies measuring Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy
Measures Improvement in enjoyment of pregnancy as a key outcome.
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Published within the last 2 years.
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3 results
1 results
3 results
3 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
High-intensity interval exercise may improve blood glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 77.4 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
High-intensity interval exercise appears to improve ratings of perceived exertion (RPE).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Strength session A appears to improve ratings of perceived exertion (RPE).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Strength session B appears to improve ratings of perceived exertion (RPE).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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