Research Summary

Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™

PPB-R-203 diet improves blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes

Last updated September 10, 2026

Key finding

The mean blood glucose level was significantly decreased after the PPB-R-203-based versus the commercially available regimen (7.4 ± 1.6 vs 7.9 ± 1.7 mmol/L, P = 0.023).

PPB-R-203 probiotic added to metformin in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Quick read

Study at a glance

The essential study design details in one scan.

EvidenceScore™

Moderate

Study type

RCTs

Follow-up

Short-Term (≤3 mo)

Risk of bias

Some Concerns

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Plain-language summary

What this paper says

A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.

Study focus

PPB-R-203 probiotic added to metformin in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Clinical relevance

This study evaluated PPB-R-203 probiotic added to metformin in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Keep in mind

Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.

Published in

Journal Reference

Publication details and source links for this paper.

Chia-Hung L, Daw-Ming C, Da-Jen W, Hui-Yu P, Lee-Ming C, Alvarez-Perez. JC. A randomized, 2-regimen, cross-over, comparative study was conducted in 44 subjects with type 2 diabetes. Medicine. 2015;94(33):e1332. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001332

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Evidence network

How this study fits

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Evidence Context

This study contributes evidence to Commercially available diet, Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Blood glucose, AUC for hyperglycemic states, AUC for hypoglycemia, and 3 more.

This study contributes evidence to

Intervention

Commercially available diet

Outcome

Blood glucose

Evidence topic

Glycemic Control

Primary intervention

Commercially available diet

Primary outcomes

Blood glucose
AUC for hyperglycemic states
AUC for hypoglycemia

Evidence topics

Glycemic Control Fasting Blood Glucose Glucose Variability Post-Meal and OGTT Glucose

Primary intervention

Commercially available diet

Primary outcomes

Blood glucose AUC for hyperglycemic states AUC for hypoglycemia

Evidence relationships

Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.

Evidence pairs

Relationships

Evidence topics

contributes_evidence

Editorial context

Why this study matters

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Evidence network role

This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.

Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68

Why it is useful

Contributes to 7 evidence relationships
Includes primary outcome data
Linked to 4 direct semantic evidence topics

Topic contributions

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

Evidence topic

Contributes evidence

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Primary evidence

Evidence topic

Glycemic Control

matched_outcome

Related evidence

Evidence topic

Fasting Blood Glucose

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Core evidence

Study findings

The primary outcomes reported in this study.

Blood glucose

Commercially available diet → Blood glucose

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Emerging; Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™: 100; Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™: unclear; Not enough independent studies

Based on 1 study

Add to Evidence Tracker

AUC for hyperglycemic states

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → AUC for hyperglycemic states

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Emerging; Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™: 100; Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™: unclear; Not enough independent studies

Based on 1 study

Add to Evidence Tracker

AUC for hypoglycemia

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → AUC for hypoglycemia

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Emerging; Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™: 50; Neutral
ConsistencyScore™: unclear; Not enough independent studies

Based on 1 study

Add to Evidence Tracker

Blood glucose

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → Blood glucose

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Moderate; Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
ImpactScore™: 100; Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™: 100; consistent

Based on 2 studies

Add to Evidence Tracker

Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Moderate; Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
ImpactScore™: 100; Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™: 100; consistent

Based on 2 studies

Add to Evidence Tracker

Glucose variability

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → Glucose variability

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Emerging; Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™: 50; Neutral
ConsistencyScore™: unclear; Not enough independent studies

Based on 1 study

Add to Evidence Tracker

Glucose variability parameters M value

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → Glucose variability parameters M value

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Emerging; Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™: 50; Neutral
ConsistencyScore™: unclear; Not enough independent studies

Based on 1 study

Add to Evidence Tracker

Evidence Library

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Connected Evidence

Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.

Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.

This study contributes to evidence on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Fasting Glucose, Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Postprandial and OGTT Glucose.

Related evidence relationships

Explore in Evidence Explorer

This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.

Diet and Nutrition

Detailed evidence

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → Fasting Glucose

Diet and Nutrition

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Moderate; Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
ImpactScore™: 100; Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™: 100; consistent

Based on 2 studies

View evidence

Diet and Nutrition

Detailed evidence

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition → Postprandial and OGTT Glucose

Diet and Nutrition

Evidence Intelligence™

EvidenceScore™: Moderate; Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
ImpactScore™: 100; Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™: 100; consistent

Based on 2 studies

View evidence

Included in these evidence collections

Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.

Fasting Glucose Evidence Hub

All studies measuring Fasting Glucose

2 studies

outcome_hub

Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition Evidence Hub

All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition

2 studies

intervention_hub

Contributes to Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition evidence base.

Postprandial and OGTT Glucose Evidence Hub

All studies measuring Postprandial and OGTT Glucose

2 studies

outcome_hub

Measures Postprandial and OGTT Glucose as a key outcome.

Explore more in Evidence Explorer

Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.

All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Blood glucose

Intervention: Microbiome-guided personalized nutritionOutcome: Blood glucose

2 results

All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

Intervention: Microbiome-guided personalized nutritionOutcome: Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

2 results

All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition

Intervention: Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition

2 results

All studies measuring Blood glucose

Outcome: Blood glucose

2 results

All studies measuring Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

Outcome: Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

2 results

Questions answered by this study

Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.

Does Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition improve blood glucose?

Moderate Evidence

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition appears to improve blood glucose.

ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.

View Full Evidence

Does Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition improve glucose iauc (OGTT)?

Moderate Evidence

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition appears to improve glucose iauc (OGTT).

ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.

View Full Evidence

Does Commercially available diet improve blood glucose?

Emerging Evidence

Commercially available diet appears to improve blood glucose.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.

View Full Evidence

Does Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition improve auc for hyperglycemic states?

Emerging Evidence

Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition appears to improve auc for hyperglycemic states.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

1
AUC for hyperglycemic states
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.

View Full Evidence

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Next steps

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Evidence topics

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Glycemic Control Evidence Hub Fasting Blood Glucose Evidence Hub Glucose Variability Evidence Hub Post-Meal and OGTT Glucose Evidence Hub

Explore in Evidence Explorer

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All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Blood glucose All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and Glucose iAUC (OGTT)All studies on Commercially available diet and Blood glucose All studies on Microbiome-guided personalized nutrition and AUC for hyperglycemic states

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