Last updated June 22, 2026
Key finding
IL-17 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05).
This study evaluated the effects of a multi-strain probiotic formula on inflammation, metabolism, and gut microbiota in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant reductions in several inflammatory markers and metabolic indicators.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effects of a multi-strain probiotic formula on inflammation, metabolism, and gut microbiota in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant reductions in several inflammatory markers and metabolic indicators.
These findings suggest that probiotics could be a valuable adjunct therapy for managing inflammation and metabolic issues in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. By potentially lowering inflammatory markers and improving blood sugar control, probiotics may help reduce the risk of complications associated with diabetes, offering a new avenue for patient care.
The sample size and demographic characteristics may limit generalizability. No long-term follow-up data was collected to assess sustained effects. The study did not explore the specific mechanisms by which probiotics exert their effects.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Sijia Z, Yan Q, Wenjing H, et al. Effects of a Multi-Strain Probiotic Formula on Inflammation, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Food Science & Nutrition. 2026;14(4):e71735. doi:10.1002/fsn3.71735
IL-17 levels were significantly reduced by 1 pg/mL (p < 0.05).
TNF-α levels were significantly reduced by 1 pg/mL (p < 0.05).
Total glycated hemoglobin (GHb) levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05).
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), HbA1c, Interleukin-17 (IL-17), and 5 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic)
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Evidence pairs
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence relationship
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Evidence relationship
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → HbA1c
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → HbA1c
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Interleukin-17 (IL-17)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Interleukin-17 (IL-17)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Serum arginine
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Serum arginine
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Serum isoleucine
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Serum isoleucine
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Serum threonine
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Serum threonine
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) → Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Probiotics and Synbiotics and Fasting Glucose, Probiotics and Synbiotics and HbA1c.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Supplements
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
All studies on Probiotics and Synbiotics
Contributes to Probiotics and Synbiotics evidence base.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
4 results
3 results
4 results
4 results
3 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Probiotics and Synbiotics appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 11 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Probiotics and Synbiotics may improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 12 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Probiotics and Synbiotics appears to improve Inflammatory Markers.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 4 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic) appears to improve Interleukin-17 (IL-17).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Interleukin-17 (IL-17)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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