Last updated July 5, 2026
Key finding
After the intervention, the score in the intervention group (ABI < 0.9: t 32 = 4.082, p < 0.001) was significantly different from the control group (ABI ≥ 1.3: t 20 = -2.711, p = 0.013).
This study investigated the impact of Vitamin D supplementation on the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes, finding significant improvements in several metabolic markers.
Quick read
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EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
This study investigated the impact of Vitamin D supplementation on the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes, finding significant improvements in several metabolic markers.
The findings of this study highlight the potential role of Vitamin D in improving vascular health and metabolic control in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular complications in this population, effective interventions like Vitamin D supplementation could enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs associated with diabetes management.
The sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings. The study did not assess long-term effects of Vitamin D supplementation. Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Leili Y, Azadeh J, Fatemeh A, Peyman N, Mohamad HM. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Ankle-Brachial Index in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2025;30(5):732-738. doi:10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_174_24
Vitamin D supplementation significantly improved the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) with a p-value of < 0.001.
Serum vitamin D levels increased by 21.89 ng/mL (p < 0.001).
Fasting blood glucose decreased by 30.32 mg/dL (p = 0.004).
Hemoglobin A1c decreased by 0.82% (p = 0.004).
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and Ankle-brachial index (ABI), Blood glucose, Glucose iAUC (OGTT), and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Vitamin D supplementation
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
519
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Follow evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Vitamin D supplementation → Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Vitamin D supplementation → Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Vitamin D supplementation → Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Vitamin D supplementation → Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Vitamin D supplementation → Serum concentration of vitamin D
Vitamin D supplementation → Serum concentration of vitamin D
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and HbA1c, Vitamin D supplementation and Serum concentration of vitamin D.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring HbA1c
Measures HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
Contributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.
All studies measuring Serum concentration of vitamin D
Measures Serum concentration of vitamin D as a key outcome.
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Published within the last 2 years.
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5 results
4 results
5 results
5 results
4 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Vitamin D supplementation may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 81.9 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Serum concentration of vitamin D.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Serum concentration of vitamin D
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Vitamin D supplementation may improve Blood glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Ankle-brachial index (ABI).
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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