StrongDecrease
Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Vitamin D supplementation → Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Vitamin D supplementation → Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseClinical Outcomes
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Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Vitamin D supplementation may improve arterial stiffness in Type 2 diabetes patients
Key finding
Vitamin D supplementation could inhibit the decrease in the ankle-brachial index (mean ± SD: EX + VD and VD, -0.001 ± 0.058; p = 0.03).
Moderate and vigorous exercise program with or without vitamin D supplementation in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Evidence strength
Moderate confidence
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Some Concerns bias
Last updated July 3, 2026Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
Population
Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Male, Female, Asia-Pacific (APAC), with T2 Diabetes
Intervention
Exercise + Vitamin D, Vitamin D supplementation
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Primary outcome
Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Comparator
Placebo control group
Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
Moderate and vigorous exercise program with or without vitamin D supplementation in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Clinical relevance
This study evaluated Moderate and vigorous exercise program with or without vitamin D supplementation in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Keep in mind
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Jiaju H, Zhongying L, Rui L, et al. Effects of a 12-Week Moderate and Vigorous Exercise Program with or without Vitamin D Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2024;16(21):3618. doi:10.3390/nu16213618
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Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and Ankle-brachial index (ABI), Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), Diastolic blood pressure, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Vitamin D supplementation
Primary outcomes
- Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
- Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)
- Diastolic blood pressure
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
5
Evidence pairs
5
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 59
1
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
33
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 5 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
NoneNo Change
Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)
Vitamin D supplementation → Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)
Vitamin D supplementation → Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)
Evidence profile
NoneNo ChangeClinical Outcomes
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NoneNo Change
Diastolic blood pressure
Vitamin D supplementation → Diastolic blood pressure
Vitamin D supplementation → Diastolic blood pressure
Evidence profile
NoneNo ChangeMetabolic Health
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StrongDecrease
Plasma lipidome changes
Vitamin D supplementation → Plasma lipidome changes
Vitamin D supplementation → Plasma lipidome changes
Evidence profile
StrongDecreaseClinical Outcomes
Unlock full evidence details
NoneNo Change
Systolic blood pressure
Vitamin D supplementation → Systolic blood pressure
Vitamin D supplementation → Systolic blood pressure
Evidence profile
NoneNo ChangeMetabolic Health
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and Left Ventricular Structure, Vitamin D supplementation and Plasma lipidome changes.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ArchiveThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Included in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Left Ventricular Structure Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Left Ventricular Structure
2 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Left Ventricular Structure as a key outcome.
Vitamin D supplementation Evidence Hub
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
2 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.
Plasma lipidome changes Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Plasma lipidome changes
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Plasma lipidome changes as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in the evidence archive
Jump to pre-filtered views in the evidence archive.
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
2 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Plasma lipidome changes
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Plasma lipidome changes
1 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementation
2 results
All studies measuring Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
Outcome: Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
2 results
All studies measuring Plasma lipidome changes
Outcome: Plasma lipidome changes
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve ankle-brachial index (abi)?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Ankle-brachial index (ABI).
ConsensusScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 57.3 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve plasma lipidome changes?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Plasma lipidome changes.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Plasma lipidome changes
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 54.5 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (bapwv)?
Limited Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Vitamin D supplementation for Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)
EvidenceScore™ Limited | EvidenceScore™ 37.0 | neutral | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve diastolic blood pressure?
Limited Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Vitamin D supplementation for Diastolic blood pressure.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Diastolic blood pressure
EvidenceScore™ Limited | EvidenceScore™ 37.0 | neutral | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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