Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 67
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Vitamin D3 and Flaxseed Oil Reduce Inflammation in Diabetes
Last updated September 12, 2026
Key finding
Mean difference: -0.98 µg/mL, p = 0.034
This study investigated the effects of cosupplementation with high-dose vitamin D3 and flaxseed oil on inflammation in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), finding significant reductions in several inflammatory markers.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of cosupplementation with high-dose vitamin D3 and flaxseed oil on inflammation in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), finding significant reductions in several inflammatory markers.
Clinical relevance
These findings are clinically significant as they suggest that cosupplementation with vitamin D3 and flaxseed oil may offer a simple and effective strategy to reduce inflammation and improve metabolic health in elderly patients with T2DM. This could lead to better management of diabetes and associated complications, enhancing the quality of life for this vulnerable population.
Keep in mind
Limited sample size may affect generalizability Short duration of intervention may not capture long-term effects Lack of diversity in the study population
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Naser A, Mojgan AO, Neda D, Azizeh FK, Zoha A. Cosupplementation with High-Dose Vitamin D3 and Flaxseed Oil Reduces Inflammation in Elderly Patients with T2DM. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2026;2026:8892400. doi:10.1155/jnme/8892400
Main Effects
Serum hs-CRP decreased by 0.98 µg/mL (p = 0.034)
Body weight decreased by 1.73 kg (p < 0.001)
Fasting Plasma Glucose decreased by 22.83 mg/dL (p = 0.015)
Total antioxidant capacity increased by 0.60 mmol/L (p < 0.05)
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and BMI, Body weight, C-reactive protein, and 7 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Vitamin D supplementation
Primary outcomes
- BMI
- Body weight
- C-reactive protein
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
10
Evidence pairs
10
Relationships
7
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72
7
Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
2598
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 10 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 7 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
Insulin Resistance
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Supplements and Nutraceuticals
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerC-reactive protein
Vitamin D supplementation → C-reactive protein
Vitamin D supplementation → C-reactive protein
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 79
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting insulin levels
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting insulin levels
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting insulin levels
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 84
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 70
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 60
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Vitamin D supplementation → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 4 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 63
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 75
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 4 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerHealth-related quality of life
Vitamin D supplementation → Health-related quality of life
Vitamin D supplementation → Health-related quality of life
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerInsulin resistance
Vitamin D supplementation → Insulin resistance
Vitamin D supplementation → Insulin resistance
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 84
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 70
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 60
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerTotal Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Vitamin D supplementation → Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Vitamin D supplementation → Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 68
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerTotal cholesterol
Vitamin D supplementation → Total cholesterol
Vitamin D supplementation → Total cholesterol
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- High-dose vitamin D3 and flaxseed oil reduced hs-CRP by 0.98 µg/mL.
- Participants lost an average of 1.73 kg.
- Fasting plasma glucose levels decreased by 22.83 mg/dL.
Who this applies to
- Elderly patients aged 65 and older
- Individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to younger populations or those without diabetes.
- Further research is needed to confirm long-term benefits.
- The study focused on a specific geographic area, limiting broader applicability.
Between the Lines
- Limited sample size may affect generalizability
- Short duration of intervention may not capture long-term effects
- Lack of diversity in the study population
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and Insulin Resistance, Vitamin D supplementation and Insulin Resistance.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 84
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 70
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 60
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
View evidenceSupplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 84
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 70
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 60
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
View evidenceSupplements
Vitamin D supplementation → Body Weight
Supplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Insulin Resistance Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Insulin Resistance
5 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Insulin Resistance as a key outcome.
Vitamin D supplementation Evidence Hub
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
5 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.
Body Weight Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Weight
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Weight as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Fasting insulin levels
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Fasting insulin levels
5 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Insulin resistance
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Insulin resistance
5 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementation
5 results
All studies measuring Fasting insulin levels
Outcome: Fasting insulin levels
5 results
All studies measuring Insulin resistance
Outcome: Insulin resistance
5 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve fasting insulin levels?
Strong Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may improve fasting insulin levels.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Fasting insulin levels
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.8 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve insulin resistance?
Strong Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may improve insulin resistance.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Insulin resistance
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.8 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?
Strong Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may improve fasting plasma glucose (FPG).
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Vitamin D supplementation affect BMI?
Strong Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may affect BMI.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
BMI
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
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