Supplements

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

Studies reviewed

Outcomes evaluated

Strongest evidence area

HbA1c

Top Interventions

Rank	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Gut microbiota diversity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	1
#2	Fasting insulin levels	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#3	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#4	Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#5	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#6	HDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#7	LDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#8	Total cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#9	Triglycerides	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#10	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1

Rank #1

Gut microbiota diversity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Rank #2

Fasting insulin levels

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

HDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #7

LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #8

Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #10

Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Practical Questions

What outcomes does Supplements appear to affect most often?

most studied

Based on 14 evidence relationships across 16 studies

Outcomes:

Fasting Plasma GlucoseHbA1cBody weight

Interventions:

Allium hookeri extractAmerican ginsengBoscisucrophageDel Immune V Extra bacterial lysateNimba Amalakyadi powder+2 more

Which outcomes need more research for Supplements?

research gaps

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 7 studies

Outcomes:

HbA1cInsulin resistanceTriglycerides

Interventions:

Probiotics

How does HbA1c compare with Insulin resistance for Supplements?

compare

Based on 2 evidence relationships across 5 studies

Outcomes:

HbA1cInsulin resistance

Interventions:

Probiotics

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Outcome

Outcome	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
HbA1c	7	9	44
Fasting Plasma Glucose	4	4	39
Body weight	3	3	37
Triglycerides	2	3	39
Blood glucose	2	2	45
BMI	2	2	38
Insulin resistance	1	2	50
LDL cholesterol	2	2	40
Waist circumference	2	2	44
Anxiety score	1	1	44
Beta Cell function	1	1	33
Body fat mass	1	1	38
Depression score	1	1	44
Fasting glucose	1	1	33
Fasting insulin levels	1	1	33
Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)	1	1	33
Gut microbiota diversity	2	1	44
HDL cholesterol	1	1	33
Hypoglycemia events	1	1	47
Insulin sensitivity	1	1	44
Left atrial contractile strain (echocardiography)	1	1	46
Left atrial reservoir strain (echocardiography)	1	1	46
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)	1	1	35
Postprandial glucose	1	1	33
Serious adverse events incidence	1	1	37
Sleep quality	1	1	44
Stress score	1	1	44
Systolic blood pressure	1	1	50
Total cholesterol	1	1	33
Urine glucose excretion	1	1	41
Urine sugar	1	1	33

Latest Research

L. rhamnosus bacterial lysate may improve HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 30 de mayo de 2026

int-del-immune-v-extra-bacterial-lysate

out-beta-cell-functionout-bmi

Pilot protocol compares Ayurvedic Nimba-Amalakyadi powder versus metformin for type 2 diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 26 de mayo de 2026

int-nimba-amalakyadi-powder

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Gut microbiota interventions may improve glucose and cardiometabolic markers in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: systematic-reviewPublished: 26 de mayo de 2026

int-probiotics

out-hba1cout-insulin-resistance

Curcumin plus piperine may improve sleep and mood in diabetic retinopathy

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 26 de mayo de 2026

int-curcumin-plus-piperine

out-anxiety-scoreout-bmi

Natural products may improve blood sugar and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: systematic-reviewPublished: 26 de mayo de 2026

int-american-ginseng

out-blood-glucoseout-hba1c

Lifestyle changes plus probiotic use were linked with better HbA1c in one man with type 2 diabetes

Study Type: non-randomized-clinical-trial-non-rctPublished: 26 de mayo de 2026

int-probiotics

out-body-fat-massout-body-weight

Allium hookeri extract reduces HbA1c levels in prediabetic adults

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 16 de mayo de 2026

int-allium-hookeri-extract

out-fasting-insulin-levelsout-fasting-plasma-glucose

Ursodeoxycholic acid may improve left atrial function in women with gestational diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 16 de mayo de 2026

int-ursodeoxycholic-acid

out-left-atrial-contractile-strain-echocardiographyout-left-atrial-reservoir-strain-echocardiography

Xiaoke Pill lowered hypoglycemia risk with similar HbA1c control

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 6 de mayo de 2026

int-xiaoke-pill

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Bifidobacterium longum BL21 probiotic may improve HbA1c when added to metformin in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 4 de mayo de 2026

int-probiotics

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-gut-microbiota-diversity

Full Evidence Table

Showing 48 of 48 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Akkermansia muciniphila	Gut microbiota diversity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	1
Allium hookeri extract	Fasting insulin levels	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	HDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	LDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Total cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Triglycerides	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
American ginseng	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
American ginseng	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
American ginseng	Systolic blood pressure	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Urine glucose excretion	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Curcumin plus piperine	Anxiety score	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Curcumin plus piperine	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Curcumin plus piperine	Depression score	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Curcumin plus piperine	Sleep quality	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Curcumin plus piperine	Stress score	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Curcumin plus piperine	Waist circumference	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	Beta Cell function	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	BMI	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	Body weight	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	Fasting glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	Insulin sensitivity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate	Waist circumference	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Nimba Amalakyadi powder	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Nimba Amalakyadi powder	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Nimba Amalakyadi powder	Postprandial glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Nimba Amalakyadi powder	Urine sugar	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Body fat mass	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Gut microbiota diversity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	3
Probiotics	Insulin resistance	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Probiotics	LDL cholesterol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Triglycerides	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Left atrial contractile strain (echocardiography)	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Left atrial reservoir strain (echocardiography)	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Akkermansia muciniphila → Gut microbiota diversity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Fasting insulin levels

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → HDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

American ginseng → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

American ginseng → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

American ginseng → Systolic blood pressure

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Urine glucose excretion

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Curcumin plus piperine → Anxiety score

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Curcumin plus piperine → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Curcumin plus piperine → Depression score

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Curcumin plus piperine → Sleep quality

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Curcumin plus piperine → Stress score

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Curcumin plus piperine → Waist circumference

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → Beta Cell function

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → BMI

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → Body weight

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → Fasting glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → Insulin sensitivity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Del Immune V Extra bacterial lysate → Waist circumference

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Nimba Amalakyadi powder → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Nimba Amalakyadi powder → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Nimba Amalakyadi powder → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Nimba Amalakyadi powder → Urine sugar

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Body fat mass

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Gut microbiota diversity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Insulin resistance

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) → Left atrial contractile strain (echocardiography)

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) → Left atrial reservoir strain (echocardiography)

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) → Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies