Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Dapagliflozin improves brain function in type 2 diabetes
Last updated July 4, 2026
Key finding
Dapagliflozin restored odour-induced functional integration of the POC-sensorimotor cortex-middle temporal cortex circuit.
This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of dapagliflozin and liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes, highlighting distinct outcomes on brain function.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of dapagliflozin and liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes, highlighting distinct outcomes on brain function.
Clinical relevance
Understanding the neuroprotective effects of diabetes medications like dapagliflozin and liraglutide is crucial, as cognitive decline is a significant concern for patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings may guide treatment choices to not only manage diabetes but also protect brain health, potentially improving quality of life.
Keep in mind
Effectiveness of the interventions remains unclear due to insufficient data. The study's sample size and population characteristics may limit generalizability. No long-term follow-up data were provided to assess sustained effects.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Xin L, Yi Z, Yan B, et al. Distinct neuroprotective effects of dapagliflozin and liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2025;27(12):7309-7322. doi:10.1111/dom.70132
Main Effects
Dapagliflozin restored odour-induced functional integration in specific brain circuits.
Liraglutide enhanced odour-induced activation in the left hippocampus.
Dapagliflozin tended to improve attention (p = 0.071).
Decreased odour-induced directed FC was linked to changes in lipid levels, olfactory threshold, executive function, and memory performance (all p < 0.05).
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Dapagliflozin, Liraglutide and Attention improvement, Memory performance, Olfactory task functional connectivity, and 3 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Dapagliflozin
Primary outcomes
- Attention improvement
- Memory performance
- Olfactory task functional connectivity
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
7
Evidence pairs
7
Relationships
3
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72
3
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
114
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 7 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 3 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
SGLT2 Inhibitors and Cognitive Performance
Related evidence
Evidence topic
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Save evidence
Evidence topic
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerOlfactory task functional connectivity
Dapagliflozin → Olfactory task functional connectivity
Dapagliflozin → Olfactory task functional connectivity
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerTrail Making Test performance
Dapagliflozin → Trail Making Test performance
Dapagliflozin → Trail Making Test performance
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerOlfactory task functional connectivity
Liraglutide → Olfactory task functional connectivity
Liraglutide → Olfactory task functional connectivity
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- Dapagliflozin improved functional connectivity in brain circuits related to smell.
- Liraglutide enhanced brain activation linked to memory.
- Both drugs showed associations with cognitive improvements and lipid changes.
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
- Patients experiencing cognitive decline or concerns related to diabetes.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not be applicable to all diabetes patients due to specific inclusion criteria.
- Further research is needed to confirm long-term effects of these medications.
- The study did not include a placebo group for comparison.
Between the Lines
- Effectiveness of the interventions remains unclear due to insufficient data.
- The study's sample size and population characteristics may limit generalizability.
- No long-term follow-up data were provided to assess sustained effects.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on SGLT2 Inhibitors and Attention improvement, SGLT2 Inhibitors and lipid profiles.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → Attention improvement
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceMedications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → lipid profiles
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Attention improvement Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Attention improvement
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Attention improvement as a key outcome.
lipid profiles Evidence Hub
All studies measuring lipid profiles
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures lipid profiles as a key outcome.
SGLT2 Inhibitors Evidence Hub
All studies on SGLT2 Inhibitors
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to SGLT2 Inhibitors evidence base.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Dapagliflozin and Attention improvement
Intervention: DapagliflozinOutcome: Attention improvement
1 results
All studies on Dapagliflozin and lipid profiles
Intervention: DapagliflozinOutcome: lipid profiles
1 results
All studies on Dapagliflozin
Intervention: Dapagliflozin
1 results
All studies measuring Attention improvement
Outcome: Attention improvement
1 results
All studies measuring lipid profiles
Outcome: lipid profiles
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does SGLT2 Inhibitors improve cognitive performance?
Emerging Evidence
SGLT2 Inhibitors appears to improve Cognitive Performance.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Trail Making Test performance
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Dapagliflozin improve memory performance?
Emerging Evidence
Dapagliflozin appears to improve Memory performance.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Memory performance
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Dapagliflozin improve olfactory task functional connectivity?
Emerging Evidence
Dapagliflozin appears to improve Olfactory task functional connectivity.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Olfactory task functional connectivity
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Dapagliflozin improve olfactory threshold?
Emerging Evidence
Dapagliflozin appears to improve Olfactory threshold.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Olfactory threshold
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
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Related research
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Dapagliflozin improves metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes patientsDapagliflozin may improve RAAS markers in diabetes patientsLiraglutide is well tolerated in diabetes patients undergoing hemodialysis.Liraglutide may reduce stroke recurrence in type 2 diabetes patientsDapagliflozin shows no long-term harm to bone health in women with diabetes
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