Last updated August 16, 2026
Key finding
Ghrelin levels decreased significantly after NSPT.
This study investigated the role of ghrelin and TNF-α levels as biomarkers for periodontal disease severity in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant reductions in both biomarkers after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the role of ghrelin and TNF-α levels as biomarkers for periodontal disease severity in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant reductions in both biomarkers after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Understanding the relationship between biomarkers like ghrelin and TNF-α and periodontal disease severity in type 2 diabetes patients can help clinicians better monitor and manage oral health in this population. Effective management of periodontal disease is crucial, as it can impact overall health and diabetes control.
The study did not assess long-term effects beyond three months. Sample size and demographic diversity may limit generalizability. Effectiveness of NSPT in different stages of periodontal disease was not evaluated.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Alexander M, John RA, M BKR, Savitha AN, B SJP, Praveen J. Ghrelin and TNF-α Levels as Biomarkers for Periodontal Disease Severity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Cureus. 2025;17(10):e95240. doi:10.7759/cureus.95240
Ghrelin levels in GCF decreased by 645.01 pg/mL (p=0.001) after NSPT.
TNF-α levels in GCF decreased by 66.55 pg/mL (p=0.001) after NSPT.
Plaque Index decreased by 0.02 (p=0.001) after NSPT.
Gingival Index decreased by 0.05 (p=0.001) after NSPT.
Evidence network
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This study contributes evidence to Non-surgical periodontal treatment and Bleeding on probing, Clinical attachment level, Ghrelin levels measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and 4 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Non-surgical periodontal treatment
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
0
Related studies
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Bleeding on probing
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Bleeding on probing
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Clinical attachment level
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Clinical attachment level
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Ghrelin levels measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Ghrelin levels measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Gingival Index (GI)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Gingival Index (GI)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Periodontal probing depth
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Periodontal probing depth
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Plaque Index (PI)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → Plaque Index (PI)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → TNF-α levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
Non-surgical periodontal treatment → TNF-α levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Non-surgical periodontal treatment and Clinical attachment level, Non-surgical periodontal treatment and Plaque Index (PI).
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Clinical attachment level
Measures Clinical attachment level as a key outcome.
All studies on Non-surgical periodontal treatment
Contributes to Non-surgical periodontal treatment evidence base.
All studies measuring Plaque Index (PI)
Measures Plaque Index (PI) as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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13 results
9 results
13 results
13 results
9 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Non-surgical periodontal treatment may improve Clinical attachment level.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Clinical attachment level
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 84.3 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Non-surgical periodontal treatment appears to improve Plaque Index (PI).
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Plaque Index (PI)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.9 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Non-surgical periodontal treatment appears to improve Periodontal probing depth.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Periodontal probing depth
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.5 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Non-surgical periodontal treatment appears to improve Gingival Index (GI).
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
Gingival Index (GI)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 82.1 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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