Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 79
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 60
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 80
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Intermittent Fasting Diet Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Last updated July 15, 2026
Key finding
HbA1c decreased by 1.9% (SE, 0.2%)
This study investigated the effects of a 16-week intermittent fasting meal replacement diet on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in HbA1c and body weight.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of a 16-week intermittent fasting meal replacement diet on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in HbA1c and body weight.
Clinical relevance
These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions, such as intermittent fasting, in managing type 2 diabetes. With obesity and poor glycemic control being significant risk factors for complications, effective dietary strategies can empower patients and clinicians to improve health outcomes and reduce reliance on medications.
Keep in mind
Exact values for some outcomes were not reported Effectiveness of interventions remains unclear for several outcomes Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Lixin G, Yue X, Wenbo J, et al. Effect of a 16-Week Intermittent Fasting Meal Replacement Diet on Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Network Open. 2024;7(6):e2416786. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16786
Main Effects
HbA1c decreased by 1.9%
Body weight decreased by 9.7 kg
BMI decreased significantly
Waist circumference decreased significantly
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Empagliflozin, Gliclazide sustained release, Metformin and HbA1c, BMI, Body weight, and 8 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Empagliflozin
Primary outcomes
- HbA1c
- BMI
- Body weight
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
13
Evidence pairs
13
Relationships
8
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 68
8
Related topics
13
Evidence pairs
1055
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 13 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 8 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Metformin Therapies and HbA1c
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
Sulfonylureas and HbA1c
Save evidence
Evidence relationship
SGLT2 Inhibitors and HbA1c
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting insulin levels
Gliclazide sustained release → Fasting insulin levels
Gliclazide sustained release → Fasting insulin levels
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Gliclazide sustained release → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Gliclazide sustained release → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerHDL cholesterol
Gliclazide sustained release → HDL cholesterol
Gliclazide sustained release → HDL cholesterol
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerLDL cholesterol
Gliclazide sustained release → LDL cholesterol
Gliclazide sustained release → LDL cholesterol
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerTotal cholesterol
Gliclazide sustained release → Total cholesterol
Gliclazide sustained release → Total cholesterol
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerTriglycerides
Gliclazide sustained release → Triglycerides
Gliclazide sustained release → Triglycerides
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerWaist circumference
Gliclazide sustained release → Waist circumference
Gliclazide sustained release → Waist circumference
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 87
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 86
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 8 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- HbA1c levels decreased by 1.9%
- Body weight reduced by 9.7 kg
- Significant improvements in metabolic parameters were observed
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
- Individuals seeking dietary interventions for diabetes management
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to all populations with diabetes
- Long-term effects of the diet were not assessed
- Further research is needed to clarify effectiveness across diverse groups
Between the Lines
- Exact values for some outcomes were not reported
- Effectiveness of interventions remains unclear for several outcomes
- Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Metformin Therapies and HbA1c, SGLT2 Inhibitors and HbA1c.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
Metformin Therapies → HbA1c
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 87
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 86
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 8 studies
View evidenceMedications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → HbA1c
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 79
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 60
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 80
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 5 studies
View evidenceMedications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → Body Weight
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
8 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Metformin Therapies Evidence Hub
All studies on Metformin Therapies
8 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Metformin Therapies evidence base.
SGLT2 Inhibitors Evidence Hub
All studies on SGLT2 Inhibitors
5 studies
intervention_hubContributes to SGLT2 Inhibitors evidence base.
Body Weight Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Body Weight
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Body Weight as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Metformin and HbA1c
Intervention: MetforminOutcome: HbA1c
8 results
All studies on Empagliflozin and HbA1c
Intervention: EmpagliflozinOutcome: HbA1c
5 results
All studies on Metformin
Intervention: Metformin
8 results
All studies on Empagliflozin
Intervention: Empagliflozin
5 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
8 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Metformin Therapies improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Metformin Therapies may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 86.9 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 9 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Sulfonylureas improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Sulfonylureas may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 6 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does SGLT2 Inhibitors improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
SGLT2 Inhibitors may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.4 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 12 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Sulfonylureas affect body weight?
Strong Evidence
Sulfonylureas may improve Body Weight.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Body weight
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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