Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
The M-meal resulted in a higher postprandial increase in lipids in both groups (p<0.001).
This study compared the acute effects of a processed meat meal versus a vegan meal on gastrointestinal hormone responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study compared the acute effects of a processed meat meal versus a vegan meal on gastrointestinal hormone responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Understanding the differential effects of meal types on metabolic responses is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes. This study highlights how dietary choices can significantly influence hormone levels and metabolic health, suggesting that incorporating plant-based meals may be beneficial for individuals with diabetes.
Limited sample size may affect generalizability. Short-term study design may not reflect long-term dietary impacts. Lack of diverse population representation.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Lenka B, Hana K, Hana M, et al. Acute Effects of Processed Meat vs. Vegan Meal on Gastrointestinal Hormone Responses in Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e107561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107561
The M-meal resulted in a higher postprandial increase in lipids (p<0.001).
The M-meal caused persistent postprandial hyperinsulinemia in diabetes patients (p<0.001).
The M-meal was associated with lower concentrations of ghrelin, GIP, PYY, and PP in T2D patients (p<0.001).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal), Vegan meal (V-meal) and GIP concentration after M-meal in T2D patients, Increase in lipoperoxidation levels in T2D patients after M-meal compared to V-meal, Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients, and 5 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal)
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
2
Related topics
8
Evidence pairs
886
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Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → GIP concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → GIP concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Increase in lipoperoxidation levels in T2D patients after M-meal compared to V-meal
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Increase in lipoperoxidation levels in T2D patients after M-meal compared to V-meal
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Lower concentrations of PP after M-meal in T2D patients
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Lower concentrations of PP after M-meal in T2D patients
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Lower ghrelin concentration after M-meal in healthy subjects
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Lower ghrelin concentration after M-meal in healthy subjects
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Persistent postprandial hyperinsulinemia in patients with diabetes
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Persistent postprandial hyperinsulinemia in patients with diabetes
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Postprandial lipidemia
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) → Postprandial lipidemia
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) and Lower ghrelin concentration after M-meal in healthy subjects, Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) and GIP concentration after M-meal in T2D patients.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring GIP concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Measures GIP concentration after M-meal in T2D patients as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Lower ghrelin concentration after M-meal in healthy subjects
Measures Lower ghrelin concentration after M-meal in healthy subjects as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Postprandial lipidemia
Measures Postprandial lipidemia as a key outcome.
All studies on Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal)
Contributes to Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) evidence base.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) appears to improve increase in lipoperoxidation levels in t2d patients after m-meal compared to v-meal.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Increase in lipoperoxidation levels in T2D patients after M-meal compared to V-meal
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) appears to improve lower ghrelin concentration after m-meal in healthy subjects.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Lower ghrelin concentration after M-meal in healthy subjects
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) appears to improve persistent postprandial hyperinsulinemia in patients with diabetes.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Persistent postprandial hyperinsulinemia in patients with diabetes
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Processed hamburger meat meal (M-meal) appears to improve postprandial lipidemia.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Postprandial lipidemia
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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