Medications
Glucose-lowering drugs and other pharmacologic treatments. Use examples: Metformin, insulin analogs, GLP-1 RAs, DPP-4 inhibitors
Evidence Snapshot
122
Evidence relationships
133
Studies reviewed
42
Outcomes evaluated
Strongest evidence area
HbA1c
Top Interventions
| Rank | Outcome | Effectiveness | Strength | Consistency | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Body weight | Moderate Negative | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| #2 | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| #3 | Systolic blood pressure | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| #4 | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| #5 | Fasting glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| #6 | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Unclear | 1 | ||
| #7 | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 3 |
| #8 | Hypoglycemia events | Unclear | 1 | ||
| #9 | Postprandial glucose | Unclear | 1 | ||
| #10 | Renal and urinary disorders incidence | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
Rank #1
Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #2
HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #3
Systolic blood pressure
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #4
Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #5
Fasting glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #6
Fasting Plasma Glucose
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #7
HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
3
Rank #8
Hypoglycemia events
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #9
Postprandial glucose
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Rank #10
Renal and urinary disorders incidence
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Practical Questions
What outcomes does Medications appear to affect most often?
most studiedBased on 45 evidence relationships across 54 studies
Outcomes:
HbA1cFasting Plasma GlucoseHypoglycemia events
Interventions:
Basal insulinDapagliflozinDapagliflozin Gliclazide combinationDapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapyDPP 4 inhibitors+17 more
Where are results mixed or inconsistent for Medications?
consistency issuesBased on 2 evidence relationships across 2 studies
Outcomes:
Diabetic retinopathy incidenceHypoglycemia events
Interventions:
DPP 4 inhibitorsGliclazide SR
Which outcomes need more research for Medications?
research gapsBased on 3 evidence relationships across 8 studies
Outcomes:
HbA1cBlood glucose
Interventions:
DapagliflozinInsulin degludecMetformin
How does HbA1c compare with Fasting Plasma Glucose for Medications?
compareBased on 2 evidence relationships across 5 studies
Outcomes:
HbA1cFasting Plasma Glucose
Interventions:
DapagliflozinMetformin
Evidence Landscape
Evidence landscape
Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.
Limited evidence
Promising
Reliable
High impact
Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength
Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness
Explore by Outcome
| Outcome | Pairs | Research | Avg Strength |
|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | 21 | 14 | 45 |
| Hypoglycemia events | 12 | 7 | 36 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose | 12 | 6 | 47 |
| Body weight | 10 | 5 | 45 |
| Daily insulin dose | 5 | 5 | 42 |
| Adverse events incidence | 6 | 3 | 33 |
| Blood glucose | 2 | 3 | 44 |
| Postprandial glucose | 7 | 3 | 43 |
| Time in range | 5 | 3 | 41 |
| All Cause mortality | 2 | 2 | 47 |
| BMI | 3 | 2 | 50 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 3 | 2 | 45 |
| Triglycerides | 2 | 2 | 47 |
| Adipose tissue elastin content | 1 | 1 | 44 |
| Adipose tissue macrophage count | 1 | 1 | 44 |
| Adipose tissue mast cell count | 1 | 1 | 44 |
| Albuminuria | 1 | 1 | 52 |
| Basal insulin dose | 1 | 1 | 45 |
| Beta Cell function | 2 | 1 | 34 |
| Bolus insulin dose | 1 | 1 | 45 |
| Capillary density | 1 | 1 | 44 |
| Cardiovascular events | 1 | 1 | 52 |
| Composite kidney outcomes | 1 | 1 | 52 |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 1 | 1 | 34 |
| Diabetic retinopathy incidence | 1 | 1 | 48 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 1 | 1 | 40 |
| Fasting glucose | 3 | 1 | 40 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders incidence | 1 | 1 | 25 |
| Glucose variability | 1 | 1 | 39 |
| Glycemia risk index | 1 | 1 | 45 |
| Hospitalization rate | 1 | 1 | 52 |
| Hyperkalemia | 1 | 1 | 31 |
| Insulin sensitivity | 1 | 1 | 44 |
| Liver To Spleen attenuation ratio | 1 | 1 | 40 |
| Renal and urinary disorders incidence | 1 | 1 | 53 |
| RT2 reaction time (1 Back task) | 1 | 1 | 44 |
| Serious adverse events incidence | 1 | 1 | 37 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 1 | 1 | 34 |
| Time in level 2 hyperglycemia | 1 | 1 | 45 |
| Total cholesterol | 1 | 1 | 53 |
| Treatment satisfaction | 1 | 1 | 45 |
| Urinary albumin To Creatinine ratio | 1 | 1 | 40 |
Latest Research
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin may improve time in range in T2D
Study Type: cohortPublished: May 30, 2026
int-dapagliflozinint-dapagliflozin-linagliptin-combination
out-estimated-glomerular-filtration-rateout-fasting-glucose
Switching to tirzepatide from dulaglutide improved HbA1c and weight across baseline characteristics
Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 30, 2026
int-dulaglutide-dose-escalationint-tirzepatide
out-adverse-events-incidenceout-body-weight
Pilot protocol compares Ayurvedic Nimba-Amalakyadi powder versus metformin for type 2 diabetes
Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 26, 2026
int-metformin
out-hba1c
Dapagliflozin plus gliclazide combination improves blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes
Published: May 26, 2026
int-dapagliflozinint-dapagliflozin-gliclazide-combination
out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c
Erythropoietin may improve some cognitive tasks during low blood sugar in type 1 diabetes
Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 16, 2026
int-erythropoietin
out-rt2-reaction-time-1-back-task
AI virtual trials match real trial results for GLP-1 vs insulin in type 2 diabetes
Study Type: non-randomized-clinical-trial-non-rctPublished: May 16, 2026
int-basal-insulinint-glp-1-receptor-agonists
out-body-weightout-hba1c
High-intensity interval exercise causes less blood sugar drop than moderate exercise in type 1 diabetes
Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 16, 2026
int-insulin-degludec
out-blood-glucose
Finerenone reduces cardiovascular and kidney disease risk in type 2 diabetes
Study Type: systematic-reviewPublished: May 16, 2026
int-finerenone
out-albuminuriaout-cardiovascular-events
DPP-4 inhibitors show no clear effect on diabetic eye disease risk
Study Type: systematic-reviewPublished: May 16, 2026
int-dipeptidyl-peptidase-4-inhibitors
out-diabetic-retinopathy-incidence
Newer diabetes drugs show stronger weight and blood sugar benefits in prediabetes
Study Type: meta-analysisPublished: May 16, 2026
int-dapagliflozinint-liraglutide
out-bmiout-body-weight
Full Evidence Table
Showing 122 of 122 evidence pairs
Intervention | Outcome | Effectiveness | Strength | Consistency | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal insulin | Body weight | Moderate Negative | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Basal insulin | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Basal insulin | Systolic blood pressure | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin | Fasting glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 3 |
| Dapagliflozin | Hypoglycemia events | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin | Postprandial glucose | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin | Renal and urinary disorders incidence | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin | Time in range | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination | HbA1c | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination | Hypoglycemia events | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination | Postprandial glucose | Unclear | 1 | ||
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Estimated glomerular filtration rate | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Fasting glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Liver To Spleen attenuation ratio | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Systolic blood pressure | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Time in range | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Triglycerides | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy | Urinary albumin To Creatinine ratio | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| DPP 4 inhibitors | Diabetic retinopathy incidence | Moderate Positive | Limited | Mixed | 1 |
| DPP 4 inhibitors | Fasting glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| DPP 4 inhibitors | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| DPP 4 inhibitors | Time in range | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dulaglutide dose escalation | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Dulaglutide dose escalation | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | All Cause mortality | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | Blood glucose | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | Daily insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | Glucose variability | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | Hypoglycemia events | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Empagliflozin | Time in range | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | RT2 reaction time (1 Back task) | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 1 |
| Finerenone | Albuminuria | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Finerenone | Cardiovascular events | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Finerenone | Composite kidney outcomes | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Finerenone | Hospitalization rate | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Finerenone | Hyperkalemia | Moderate Negative | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Glibenclamide | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Glibenclamide | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Glibenclamide | Hypoglycemia events | Moderate Negative | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Glibenclamide | Serious adverse events incidence | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Gliclazide SR | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Consistent | 1 | ||
| Gliclazide SR | HbA1c | Consistent | 1 | ||
| Gliclazide SR | Hypoglycemia events | Mixed | 1 | ||
| Gliclazide SR | Postprandial glucose | Consistent | 1 | ||
| Glimepiride | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride | Hypoglycemia events | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin | Adverse events incidence | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin | Hypoglycemia events | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin | Postprandial glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| GLP 1 receptor agonists | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| GLP 1 receptor agonists | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| GLP 1 receptor agonists | Systolic blood pressure | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin degludec | All Cause mortality | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin degludec | Blood glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 2 |
| Insulin degludec | HbA1c | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin degludec | Hypoglycemia events | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | BMI | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Daily insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Glycemia risk index | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | HbA1c | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Hypoglycemia events | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Postprandial glucose | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Time in level 2 hyperglycemia | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis | Treatment satisfaction | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Liraglutide | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Liraglutide | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Metformin | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Metformin | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 2 |
| Metformin | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 3 |
| Metformin | Hypoglycemia events | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Metformin + glimepiride | Adverse events incidence | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Metformin + glimepiride | Daily insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Metformin + glimepiride | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 2 |
| Metformin + glimepiride | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 2 |
| Metformin + glimepiride | Hypoglycemia events | Neutral | Weak | Consistent | 2 |
| Metformin + glimepiride | Postprandial glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Adipose tissue elastin content | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Adipose tissue macrophage count | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Adipose tissue mast cell count | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Body weight | Moderate Negative | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Capillary density | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Insulin sensitivity | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Pioglitazone | Triglycerides | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | Basal insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | BMI | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 2 |
| Semaglutide | Bolus insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | Daily insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | Diabetic ketoacidosis | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Consistent | 2 |
| Semaglutide | Severe hypoglycemia | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Semaglutide | Time in range | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Systemic steroid therapy | Adverse events incidence | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Systemic steroid therapy | Beta Cell function | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Teplizumab | Adverse events incidence | Moderate Negative | Insufficient | Unclear | 1 |
| Teplizumab | Beta Cell function | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Teplizumab | Daily insulin dose | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Teplizumab | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | Adverse events incidence | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | BMI | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | Body weight | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | Gastrointestinal disorders incidence | Moderate Negative | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Tirzepatide | Total cholesterol | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Voglibose + metformin | Adverse events incidence | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Voglibose + metformin | Fasting Plasma Glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Voglibose + metformin | HbA1c | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
| Voglibose + metformin | Hypoglycemia events | Neutral | Weak | Unclear | 1 |
| Voglibose + metformin | Postprandial glucose | Moderate Positive | Limited | Unclear | 1 |
Intervention → Outcome
Basal insulin → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Basal insulin → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Basal insulin → Systolic blood pressure
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Fasting glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
3
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Hypoglycemia events
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Postprandial glucose
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Renal and urinary disorders incidence
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin → Time in range
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination → HbA1c
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination → Hypoglycemia events
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination → Postprandial glucose
Consistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Fasting glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Liver To Spleen attenuation ratio
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Systolic blood pressure
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Time in range
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Triglycerides
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapy → Urinary albumin To Creatinine ratio
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
DPP 4 inhibitors → Diabetic retinopathy incidence
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
MixedStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
DPP 4 inhibitors → Fasting glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
DPP 4 inhibitors → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
DPP 4 inhibitors → Time in range
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dulaglutide dose escalation → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Dulaglutide dose escalation → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → All Cause mortality
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → Blood glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → Daily insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → Glucose variability
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Empagliflozin → Time in range
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Erythropoietin (EPO) → RT2 reaction time (1 Back task)
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Finerenone → Albuminuria
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Finerenone → Cardiovascular events
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Finerenone → Composite kidney outcomes
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Finerenone → Hospitalization rate
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Finerenone → Hyperkalemia
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glibenclamide → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glibenclamide → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glibenclamide → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glibenclamide → Serious adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Gliclazide SR → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Consistency
ConsistentStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Gliclazide SR → HbA1c
Consistency
ConsistentStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Gliclazide SR → Hypoglycemia events
Consistency
MixedStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Gliclazide SR → Postprandial glucose
Consistency
ConsistentStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Postprandial glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
GLP 1 receptor agonists → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
GLP 1 receptor agonists → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
GLP 1 receptor agonists → Systolic blood pressure
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin degludec → All Cause mortality
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin degludec → Blood glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin degludec → HbA1c
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin degludec → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → BMI
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Daily insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Glycemia risk index
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → HbA1c
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Postprandial glucose
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Time in level 2 hyperglycemia
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Treatment satisfaction
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Liraglutide → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Liraglutide → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
3
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin + glimepiride → Adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin + glimepiride → Daily insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin + glimepiride → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin + glimepiride → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin + glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Metformin + glimepiride → Postprandial glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Adipose tissue elastin content
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Adipose tissue macrophage count
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Adipose tissue mast cell count
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Capillary density
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Insulin sensitivity
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Pioglitazone → Triglycerides
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Basal insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → BMI
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Bolus insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Daily insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Diabetic ketoacidosis
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
ConsistentStudies
2
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Severe hypoglycemia
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Semaglutide → Time in range
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Systemic steroid therapy → Adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Systemic steroid therapy → Beta Cell function
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Teplizumab → Adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
InsufficientConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Teplizumab → Beta Cell function
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Teplizumab → Daily insulin dose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Teplizumab → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → Adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → BMI
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → Body weight
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → Gastrointestinal disorders incidence
Effectiveness
Moderate NegativeStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Tirzepatide → Total cholesterol
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Voglibose + metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Voglibose + metformin → HbA1c
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events
Effectiveness
NeutralStrength
WeakConsistency
UnclearStudies
1
Intervention → Outcome
Voglibose + metformin → Postprandial glucose
Effectiveness
Moderate PositiveStrength
LimitedConsistency
UnclearStudies
1